Topic: Development Introduction (Chapter 9)

1. Topic: Development Introduction (Chapter 9) • Aim: In what ways can we contrast the relative experience of living in a ‘core’ country versus living in a ‘periphery’ country? • Do Now: Agree or Disagree with the following thesis statement, and briefly defend your position in your notebook: “I am better off living in the United States than anywhere in Latin America, Asia, or Africa”

2. Before 1970 After development Long Island, New York

3. When you think of a country as a ‘developed’ or ‘core’ country (the so-called “First World”), what are some things you specifically associate with it? In other words, if you were suddenly dropped in random country, what would you use to determine it’s development?

4. Development & Scale - Which Jamaica? Based on the propaganda above, you might believe that Jamaica was a more-developed country, but in fact it is a less developed country. Here’s where scale matters. This is not the Jamaica most will see, certainly not in travel brochures for tourists

5. Development (Definition): • The process of improving the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology • More developed countries (MDCs) • AKA developed countries • Lesser developed countries (LDCs) • AKA emerging or developing countries

6. Based on these indicators, can you think of some countries that are more/less developed? • The United Nations (UN) developed a measure of the level of development of every country called the Human Development Index(HDI). Level of development ranging from developed (Very High) to developing (Low). • It is measured through 3 indicators: • Decent standard of living (Economic) • Long and healthy life (Demographic/Medical) • Access to knowledge (Social)

8. HDI BY REGION: Regions and other areas are shown in order of level of development. Developed regions are in red, and developing regions in green. Similar patterns will be used for a number of charts in this chapter.

9. Indicators of Development?

10. Indicators of Development Economic indicators of development Gross domestic product per capita Types of jobs Raw materials Consumer goods Social indicators of development Education and literacy Health and welfare Demographic indicators of development Life expectancy – Infant mortality rate Natural increase rate – Crude birth rate

11. Economic Indicators • Gross national income (GNI) • Value of the output of goods and services produced in a country annually, including money that leaves and enters the country. Per capita GNI measures average (mean) wealth, not its distribution among citizens. • Gross domestic product (GDP) is similar except it doesn’t account for money entering and leaving the country. • Purchasing power parity (PPP) • Cost of living adjustment made to the GNI.

12. Other Economic Factors… • The amount of people who make their living through agriculture

14. Access to Knowledge • UN considers years of schooling to be the most critical measure of the ability of an individual to gain access to knowledge needed for development. • Quantity of Schooling • Average Years of schooling • Global: 7 years • Developing: 6 years • Developed: 11 years • Expected years of schooling • Developed: 16 years • Developing: 11 years

15. World Systems Theory (aka - the Core-Periphery Model)

16. FRQ 2014 • Rostow’s five-stage model of economic growth and the core-periphery concept of Wallerstein’s three-part world system theory are two of the more common economic development models. • Identify and compare three differences between the stages of economic growth and the core-periphery model. • B. Use one of the two models to explain the level of economic development in either Mexico or Brazil. • C. Give two examples of how the core-periphery concept can be applied below the national scale.

17. Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory: • Immanuel Wallerstein, a U.S. social scientist, posited a world-systems analysis that unified the world economy with developed countries forming an inner core area, whereas developing countries occupy peripheral locations. • Developing countries in the periphery have less access to the world center of consumption, communications, wealth, and power, which are clustered in the core.

18. Unevenness of Economic Development Core 2. Semi-Periphery 3. Periphery Regions with undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity Regions that dominate trade, control most advanced technologies, high levels of productivity and diversified economies Regions that are able to exploit peripheral regions but are themselves dominated by core regions

20. Earth's six less developed regions are Latin America, Southeast Asia, The Middle East, East Asia, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. The world's more developed regions are Anglo-America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe, plus Japan and the South Pacific.

21. Economic Indicators of Development: Primary Activities: concerned directly with natural resources of any kind (agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry) Secondary Activities: process, transform, fabricate, or assemble raw materials derived from primary activities (steel making, food processing, furniture making, automobile assembly, and garment manufacturing)

22. Economic Indicators of Development: 3. Tertiary Activities: involves the sale and exchange of goods and services (warehousing, retail stores, personal services like hairdressing, commercial services like accounting, advertising, and entertainment) Quaternary Activities: those dealing with business services such as the handling and processing of knowledge and info (trade, insurance, banking, advertising, wholesaling) Quinary Activities: health, research, government, retailing, tourism and education

23. Levels of Development (1st-5th World System): 1. First World: service-based economies that have free markets, high level of productivity per person, and high quality of life. Examples include: U.S., Canada, and countries of the European Union (EU), Middle-Eastern oil states such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Bahrain. 2. Second World: Communist countries of which only 2 ‘hard line’ states remain: Cuba and North Korea. Characterized by centrally planned economies. Can also include newly industrialized countries (NIC’s), which are controlled by Communist parties but have adapted to free-market reforms. Examples of this would be China and Vietnam.

24. 3. Third World, or underdeveloped: Mainly agricultural and resource-based economies that have low levels of production per person and low quality of life. Found across Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, and some Asia countries. Some of the poorest include: Haiti, Niger, Malawi, Tanzania, Madagascar, Nepal, Kyrgyzstan and Tajkistan 4. Fourth World: Third world states that have experienced an economic crisis that has immobilized the national economy. This could be collapse of banking system, devaluation of currency, failed taxation system, warfare, or natural disasters. Examples would be Sierra Leone and Liberia (civil wars) and Myanmar (cyclone disaster). 5. Fifth World: Third world states that lack both a functioning economy AND have no formal government. Somalia and Western Sahara qualify as such.

25. Social Indicators of Development: Education and literacy: Quality of education measured by student/teacher ratio and literacy rate MDCs average 10 years of school Literacy rate exceeds 98% in MDCs Health and welfare: MDCs spend higher % of GDP per capita on health care In MDCs, health care is typically a public service

26. Social indicators of development: • Education and literacy (The literacy rate) • Health and welfare (Diet, adequate calories, access to health care)

27. Demographic Indicators of Development: Life expectancy: In MDCs (70s) and LDCs (60s) MDCs have higher % of older people who are retired and receive public support Infant mortality rate: In MDCs more than 99.5% of infants survive compared to 94% in LDCs Deaths in LDCs due to malnutrition, poor medical practices and lack of education

28. 60 Minutes: Dubai’s Development Model- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HLokQdkRCg

29. Review: • Development (Chapter 9) as it relates to our previous chapters…

30. Development & Spatial Scale (chapter 1): Harlan County, Kentucky • In what ways does applying the geographic concept of scale offer us different degrees of analysis about the development of the United States? Manhattan, New York

31. Development & Population Issues (chapter 2): Describe some demographic differences between MDC’s and LDC’s

32. Development & Migration (chapter 3): • In what ways can a country’s development (or lack thereof) impact the migration and general movement of people? (think about push/pull factors) • In LDC’s? • In MDC’s?

33. Development & Cultural Patterns (chapters 4-7): • Describe the ways (positive, negative, or both?) in which globalization and modern technology can impact local folk cultures • In what ways can development specifically impact women in developing countries? • How might economic development (increased trade, for example) impact language and language development?

34. Summary: “If It Were My Home” analysis • www.ifitweremyhome.com • We will now discuss how it relates to today’s lesson