Industrial Revolution The many factors that led to the IR

1. Industrial RevolutionThe many factors that led to the IR Chapter 19

2. Where did the IR Begin? • In Great Britain (1780’s) • Several factors contributed to making this the Starting place

3. Agricultural practices

4. Who invented the Seed Drill? • Jethro Tull • sprayed the seed out evenly as the Seed Drill was pulled across the field

5. Four Year Crop Rotation System & Enclosure Charles Townshend

6. More nutritious than grass! Nitrogen

7. Improved Livestock • The years 1700 to 1770, had seen some interesting changes in livestock farming caused by the improved harvests and the introduction of the four year crop rotation method. • Previously, most cattle and sheep were slaughtered before winter set in.

8. Robert Bakewell and Thomas Coke, introduced selective breeding programs to improve the quality of the animals

9. The Dishley, or New Leicester breed long, coarse wool and produced a high quality meat The Longhorn a good meat producer Results of Selective breeding

10. Abundant food supplies Results of having lots of food! • Enough food was available for people in the cities • Falling food prices meant more money to spend on consumer goods • Healthier population which meant decline in death rate, especially in infants • In the 18th century, the population doubled from 5 million to 10 million

11. A ready supply of money Investors • Entrepreneurs – “a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking, assuming the risk for the sake of the profit.”

12. Natural Resources Waterpower

13. Natural Resources – cont. Coal Iron ore

14. Markets • Colonial empire • Domestic markets What is this area referred to as?

15. Cottage industry – Work done at home by individuals Two step process Spinning Weaving Changes in Cotton Production

16. Speeding up production A series of inventions to make the textile industry more efficient • Flying shuttle – • sped up the weavers John Kay Spinners now needed to spin quicker!

17. James Hargreaves – Spinning Jenny 8 X’s

18. Richard Arkwright – Water frame Adds power!

19. Edmund Cartwright – Water powered loom

20. James Watt – improved steam engine Didn’t invent it!

21. Railroad George Stephenson – “Rocket”

24. Social Impact of the IR Changed the social life: • Growth of population • Growth of cities • Two new social classes

25. Decline in: death rates War Diseases More food People were well fed Resisted disease Why the growth in population ?

26. People moved to the cities for work !

27. Tenement – A rundown, low-rental apartment building whose facilities and maintenance barely met minimum standards.

28. Tenement - yard

29. Two new social classes • The Industrial Middle Class • The Industrial Working Class

30. Industrial Middle Class • Made up of the people who built the factories & bought the machines • Initiative • Vision • Ambition • GREED !

31. Industrial Working Class • Women & children made up 2/3 of the cotton industry’s workforce by 1830 12 to 16 hrs a day, six days a week !

32. Child Labor • Children were especially useful around the factory machines.

33. Child Labor Coal mines

34. Child Labor Poor health conditions !

35. Child Labor • Girls had little fingers to reach into the machinery

36. Reforms • In 1831 Parliament set up a committee to investigate abuses in child labor. • Parliament passed the Factory Act 1833 • Which put restrictions on child labor Led to a new pattern of work