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Energy Carriers

Energy Carriers. Energy Carriers. In Photosynthesis, energy in sunlight is used to make food. In Respiration, food is broken down to release energy. Molecules ADP, NAD + and NADP + trap and transfer this energy. ADP. ADP = A denosine D i P hosphate

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Energy Carriers

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  1. Energy Carriers

  2. Energy Carriers • In Photosynthesis, energy in sunlight is used to make food. • In Respiration, food is broken down to release energy. • Molecules ADP, NAD+ and NADP+ trap and transfer this energy

  3. ADP • ADP = Adenosine DiPhosphate • This molecule is found in ALL living cells. • Adenine—Ribose—Phosphate ~ Phosphate Unstable bond • ADP is a low energy molecule

  4. ATP • ATP = Adenosine TriPhosphate • Add another phosphate to ADP = ATP Adenine —Ribose—Phosphate~Phosphate~Phosphate Extra energy in unstable bond • Phosphorylation=adding a phosphate group • ADP + energy + P  ATP + Water • ATP is an Energy rich compound

  5. ATP • ATP stores energy, not for long though • It can be moved around inside a cell • When ATP breaks down to ADP it releases energy • Energy released is used to carry out most reactions in the cells. • ATP + Water  ADP + P + energy • Cells release energy from ATP 10 million times per second

  6. ATP and ADP

  7. NADP+ • NADP+ = Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate • Is a low energy molecule involved in Photosynthesis • NADP+ accepts a Hydrogen proton+ 2 electrons = NADPH NADP+ + 2 electrons + H+  NADPH (Low energy) (High energy) (High energy) • The Addition of Electrons to a molecule = Reduction • NADP+ is said to be reduced to NADPH

  8. NADPH • NADPH is a very High energy molecule. • It is an electron carrier • Energy it carries is used in photosynthesis • When it breaks down it releases 2 high-energy electrons & a hydrogen ion • NADPH  NADP+ + 2 electrons + H+ (High Energy) (Low Energy) (High Energy)

  9. ATP Vs NADPH

  10. NADP+ Vs NAD+ • NAD+ = Respiration • NADP+ = Photosynthesis • NAD+ is a low energy molecule just like NADP+ and changes to the high-energy molecule NADH just like NADPH

  11. Photosynthesis Plants making their own food

  12. Role of Photosynthesis • Plants use it to make food • Animals get their food from plants • It produces oxygen which is needed to release energy in respiration • It is responsible for forming fossil fuels • It removes carbon dioxide from the air

  13. Photosynthesis requires: • carbon dioxide, • water, • light energy, • chlorophyll.

  14. Photosynthesis produces • glucose • waste oxygen

  15. Photosynthesis converts light energy chemical energy

  16. Stages in Photosynthesis • Light is absorbed - By Chlorophyll in Chloroplast • Water is split - 2H2O  4H+ +4e- + O2 • Products are produced - Oxygen, hydrogen ion & electrons • Light energises electrons -sunlight energises electrons through chlorophyll • Glucose is formed - CO2 + H+ + E-  C6H12O6

  17. Sources of Light CO2 & H2O Light • Sun • Artificial bulbs Carbon Dioxide • Animals respiring • Burning of fossil fuels Water • In soil due to rain or nearby rivers & lakes

  18. 2 stages of Photosynthesis

  19. Light Stage • This takes place in the grana of the chloroplast • It makes energy for converting ADP + P into ATP • It makes hydrogen ions from the splitting of water to use in the dark stage of photosynthesis

  20. Light stage

  21. PhotolysisThe splitting of water

  22. Water Splitting Equation 2H2O  4H+ +4e- + O2 Light

  23. Where do plants get their energy from? - Sun Light There are 7 different colours in white light, the plant can only absorb these if it has a pigment. The most important pigment is Chlorophyll because it sits next to an electron acceptor. The electron acceptor takes the energy from the pigments and adds it into electrons. PhosphorylationMaking ATP and NADPH

  24. Chloroplast Pigments – In Grana Electron acceptor Energised electrons passed on Energy Passed on Light energy absorbed Pigments

  25. Electron Flow Pathways to make ATP & NADPH 2 Different Pathways • Cyclic PhotoPhosphorylation (circle) (light) (adding a phosphate) • Non-Cyclic PhotoPhosporylation

  26. Electron Pathway 1:Cyclic Photophosporylation ADP traps this energy by adding another phosphate Electron Acceptors ADP + P E- E- E- Chlorophyll ATP + Water E- E- Energy Light energy absorbed Energy Energy Electron flow that looses energy as it goes around Energy Energy Energy

  27. Electron Pathway 1:Cyclic PhotoPhosphorylation • High energy electrons travel around a series of electron acceptors & back again to chlorophyll • As they move around they loose energy • This energy is trapped by ADP and a phosphate within their bonds. • This forms ATP and water. • ADP + energy + Phosphate  ATP + water

  28. Electron Pathway 2:Non -Cyclic Photophosporylation Light O2 Electron Acceptors 2H2O 4E- 2E- 4H+ 2E- 2E- ADP + P Chlorophyll ATP + Water 2E- + H+ 2E- NADP- NADPH Light energy absorbed NADP+

  29. Electron Pathway 2:Non-Cyclic PhotoPhosphorylation • 2 high energy electrons passed along at a time through a series of electron acceptors • They loose energy as they pass from acceptor to acceptor, this energy is used to make ATP • At the end 2 electrons combine with NADP+ to form NADP-. • Water is split using light energy, 2 electrons return to chlorophyll while the protons attach to NADP- to form NADPH

  30. Products of Light Stage • Oxygen • ATP • NADPH

  31. Dark Stage • This is also known as the Calvin cycle • It takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast • It uses energy got from breaking down ATP into ADP + P • It uses hydrogen ions and electrons got from breaking down NADPH into NADP+ +2 electrons + H+

  32. Dark Stage Calvin Cycle

  33. Dark Stage Calvin Cycle NADP+ NADPH Carbon Dioxide Glucose (C6H12O6) ATP ADP + P

  34. Main events in photosynthesis • Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll • Water is split • The electrons are passed to chlorophyll • The protons are stored in the chloroplasts • The oxygen is released • Sunlight transfers energy to electrons • The high energy electrons, stored protons( the hydrogen ions) and carbon dioxide are used to make glucose

  35. Light Released Chlorophyll Electron Deficient Chlorophyll High Energy Electrons Water Protons + electrons + oxygen ADP Proton Pool ATP NADPH NADP+

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