Words of the Day AP Review #3

1. Words of the DayAP Review #3 Define the following terms in your notebook: • Experiment • Hypothesis • Population • Random Selection • Experimental Group

2. Answers • Experiment: research method that involved manipulation of an IV under controlled conditions; measures effect on DV • Hypothesis: Prediction of how two or more factors are likely to be related • Population: All of the individuals in the group in which the study applies

3. Answers • Experimental Group: Subgroup of the sample in an experiment that receives the treatment or IV • Random Sample: A method of choosing members of a population so that every individual has an equal chance of being chosen for a sample

4. Social Relations How do we relate to others? Attraction Conflict and Prejudice Altruism and Peacemaking Aggression

5. I love you…no wait. I hate you. I am not sure, but you are hot. • Throughout your life (and in particular during high school) you will feel a lot of powerful emotions towards others. • Three of the big ones will be… • Attraction • Love • Aggression

6. Attractionbeing drawn towards something 5 Factors of Attraction….

7. Proximity • The more you are around something, the more likely you are to be attracted to it. …ever spent a week at camp?? Mere exposure effect • Repeated exposure to something breeds liking. • And the greater exposure the more likely you will find similarity

8. Similarity • Birds of the same feather do flock together. • Similarity breeds content. In background, attitudes, and values

9. Reciprocal Liking • You are more likely to like someone who likes you. • Why? • Except in elementary school!!!!

10. Liking through Association • Classical Conditioning can play a part in attraction. • If I wanted ____ to like me and I knew she loved Godiva chocolate, I would start showing up every time she ate Godiva. • Godiva is the UCS and the happy feeling is the UCR. At this point I am neutral but hope to become the CS when she associates me with chocolate. • Once she experiences acquisition every time she sees me she will become happy (CR) • So don’t try to pick someone up at the dentist – they may associate you with those negative stimuli

11. Physical Attractiveness Matching Hypothesis States that people tend to pick partners who are about equal in level of attractiveness to themselves

12. The Hottie Factor • Physically attractiveness often predicts greater success in certain areas of life • For example dating frequency (they date more). • Research shows…they are perceived as… • Healthier • happier • more honest • have better personalities • greater job competence • and more successful than less attractive counterparts.

13. WHY?

14. What is beauty? • Some people say beauty is facial symmetry.

15. What is considered beautiful??Beauty and Culture

16. Are these cultures really that different?

17. LOVE • Passionate Love: • an aroused state of INTENSE positive absorption of another. • Compassionate Love: • the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

18. What makes compassionate love work? • Equality • Self-disclosure

19. Aggression • Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy. • Two types • Hostile • Instrumental

20. Hostile • Aggression that has no clear purpose • Rachel just felt angry one day and kicked the ---- out of Sam = hostile • Instrumental • Aggression that has a purpose • Rachel wanted Sam’s lunch money and slapped him aside the head to get his cash = aggression has a goal = instrumental

21. There are many theories to why aggression exists. • How would the main theorists view aggression? • Freud?? • Defense mechanism • Skinner?? • A reinforced learned behavior • Bandura?? • Observational learning

22. The Biology of Aggression • Genetics • Neural Influences (aggression in the brain) • Biochemical

23. The Psychology of Aggression Frustration-Aggressive Principle: • When one is frustrated they become aggressive • the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal creates anger which generates aggression. • Goals can be: • Sports or work • Relationship • Body Condition etc…

24. Hot Weather and Aggression

25. Bandura thought so… Can we learn to be aggressive or gentle? They can be learned…through models...but… Once learned they are difficult to change. If this is true, turn on the cartoon channel and think about what we are teaching our kids

26. Aggression and TV = Watches • By the time you are 18, you spend more time in front of TV than in school • 2/3 of all homes have 3 or more sets average 51 hours a week. • By the time a child finishes elementary school they have witnessed 8000 murders and 100,000 other acts of violence on TV • Over half of all deaths do NOT show the victim's pain • As TV watching has grown exponentially, as does violent behavior- a strong positive correlation. • How do you think TV has effected sexual aggression?

27. Even though aggression gets most of the research… sometimes people do positive things towards each other • This is called pro-social behavior (PSB) • Altruism • Unselfish regard for the welfare of others. • However, there are some exceptions • Kitty Genovese case.

28. Words of the DayReview #4 • Confounding Variables • Placebo • Quasi-Experiment • Naturalistic Observation • Survey • Case Study

29. Answers • Confounding Variables- Factors that cause differences between the experimental group and the control group- ex: experimental bias • Placebo- Physical or psychological treatment given to the control group that resembles the treatment given in the study • Quasi-Experiment- Measurement of DV when randomly assigned to groups of a randombly selected sample is not possible; can suggest cause and effect

30. Answers • Naturalistic Observation- Careful observation of humans or other animals in real-life situations; provides behavior data; lacks experimental control • Survey- Obtain large samples of abilities, beliefs, or behaviors through questions; can get distorted, response bias; ex: post facto- retrospective survey look at effect and seek cause • Case Study- Intensive investigation of the behavior and mental processes to a specific person; provides detailed data

31. Kitty Genovese and the Bystander Effect • Stabbed and eventually murdered by a man in NYC while more than 35 people watched or listened • Bystander Effect • bystanders less willing to help if there are other bystanders around WHY??? • Diffusion of Responsibility • The presence of others may diffuse the sense of individual responsibility • People tend to assume that someone else will take action so they need not to do so

32. Bystander Effect #2 Pluralistic Ignorance • People seem to decide what appropriate actions to take by looking at other people Example: If we are sitting in the classroom and we hear a really loud noise and I look at you guys and you guys do nothing…I think to myself “they must know what the noise is” and you look at me and think the same thing. And none of us do anything!!

33. Social Exchange Theory • The idea that our social behavior is an exchange process, which we maximize benefits and minimize costs. Social Responsibility Norm • A societal rule that tells people they should help others who need help even if doing so is costly

34. Wrap Up Answer the following questions in your notebook: • What is mere exposure effect? • Give an example of bystander effect. • What are the five factors of attraction? • How can TV and video games affect aggression in children?