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Explore the pros and cons of traditional courts and alternative dispute resolution methods like tribunals, arbitration, mediation, and conciliation. Learn about their roles, limitations, and effectiveness in resolving disputes. Discover how consumers can receive better guidance on choosing the right mechanism.
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AS Level Law Machinery of JusticeAlternative Dispute Resolution
AS Level Law What you need to know and discuss: • the advantages and disadvantages of the traditional courts as a forum for resolving disputes. • the role of tribunals. • the contribution made by arbitration, mediation and conciliation. • whether the consumer of these various alternatives receives effective advice and guidance on the range of options available.
AS Level Law Introduction • most disputes are resolved informally however • this is sometimes unsuccessful or inappropriate therefore • a formal mechanism is required to ensure a fair resolution • the courts are the most obvious option but may also be inappropriate in some circumstances • other formal/semi-formal options have developed to complement the courts
AS Level Law Limitations on the courts • cost - expensive and sometimes disproportionate • delay - litigation is lengthy and time-consuming • inaccessibility - formality can be intimidating • inappropriateness - adversarial nature may be undesirable - e.g. family disputes • incapacity - court system could not cope with all disputes needing formal resolution
AS Level Law nevertheless • courts still have a vital role to play: • resolving cases not suited to ADR - e.g. criminal cases • overseeing ADR to ensure fairness and quality
AS Level Law Tribunals • Aim = quick, cheap, informal justice • Administrative (Public) Tribunals: • e.g. social security, employment • created by statute • 3 member panel (legally-qualified chair, 2 lay experts) • informal procedures • appeal on point of law to the High Court • supervised by QBD via judicial review • monitored by Council on Tribunals (est. 1958)
AS Level Law • Domestic (Private) Tribunals: • concerned with conduct/discipline of members of a profession - e.g. doctors. solicitors • subject (like admin. Tribunals) to rules of natural justice and fair procedure • supervised via judicial review • may be specific provision for appeal - e.g. to the Privy Council from the GMC
AS Level Law • advantages: • quick • cheap (absolute and relative cost) • informal and accessible • expertise (lay experts, limited jurisdiction) • capacity - tribunal system deals with approx. 1,000,000 cases per year
AS Level Law • potential disadvantages: • poor quality decision-making (speed, informality) BUT safeguards: natural justice, appeals, judicial review, Council on Tribunals • bias against inexpert claimants BUT safeguards: as above + balanced membership (e.g. Employment Tribunals) • representation: often allowed but legal aid rarely available - Access to Justice Act 1999 reforms may redirect resources • major review of administrative justice recently completed - Leggatt Review
AS Level Law Arbitration • arbitration is the reference of a dispute to an independent third party (arbitrator) for determination (award) • private arrangement, but regulated by statute and supervised by the courts • three common areas: • commercial (avoids costs, delay and bad feeling of commercial litigation)
AS Level Law • industrial (via ACAS) • consumer (trade association schemes in conjunction with the OFT- e.g. ABTA) • advantages: • quick, cheap, informal/accessible • expertise (often use member of Chartered Institute of Arbitrators) • private (protects commercially sensitive information) • convenient (takes place at a time and place to suit the parties)
AS Level Law • potential disadvantages: • poor quality decision-making BUT safeguards: natural justice, statutory framework, judicial review, professional abitrators • bias BUT safeguards (see above)
AS Level Law Mediation and Conciliation • forms of ‘assisted settlement’ rather than ‘alternative adjudication’ • role of the third party is to help the disputing parties reach a mutually agreed settlement
AS Level Law Advice and Guidance • consumers receive insufficient advice and guidance on mechanism most suited to their problem • some parts of USA operate ‘multi-door’ courthouse • CABx could play this role in UK? • Access to Justice Act 1999 reforms may help here • use new technology? - Online Dispute Resolution (ODR)
AS Level Law Conclusion • wide and growing range of ADR mechanisms • courts still have a vital role to play • use of ADR could be more effective if better advice and guidance available - various reviews, AJA reforms and new technology (ODR) will hopefully help here
AS Level Law Revision Headings: ADR - Intro ADR - Limits on Courts ADR - Admin Tribunals ADR - Domestic Tribunals ADR - Ads/Disads of Tribunals ADR - Arbitration ADR - Mediation & Conciliation ADR - Advice & Guidance ADR - Conc
AS Level Law Test Questions: Using your cards, you should now be able to write a short paragraph in response to each of the following questions: • What are the limitations of the courts as a forum for resolving disputes? • What important roles do the courts continue to play? • Discuss the contribution made by tribunals to dispute resolution. • What are the advantages and disadvantages of arbitration, mediation and conciliation? • Do consumers receive adequate advice and guidance on the range of dispute resolution mechanisms available to them?
AS Level Law Useful Websites: • Dealing with problems without going to court • The Leggatt Review of Tribunals • Chartered Institute of Arbitrators • ACAS • Information on mediation • ODR