METAPHOR IN HAMKA’S BIOGRAPHY: THE SEMIOTICS VIEWPOINT

1. METAPHOR IN HAMKA’S BIOGRAPHY: THE SEMIOTICS VIEWPOINT Dr. WiniTarmini, M.Hum. UHAMKA The 4th International Conference (SHIELD) Bandar Lampung 27 August 2019

2. METAPHOR • Metaphor is an important characteristic of human. • Human uses metaphor to explain abstract, new, and difficult concepts. • Widening meaning of metaphor can give new meaning which is influenced by personal interpretation forming socio and cultural-based pattern.

3. HAMKA’s Biography Novel • A literary work has functions, among other, describing some events and psychological description in a society. Event description in the literary work is manifested through communicative language to reach estethical objective (A Teeuw, 1983: 12-15)

4. Semiotics • Semiotics is the study of sign process. It includes the study of signs and signs processes, indication, designation, likeness, analogy, allegorry, metonymy, metaphor, symbolism, signifacation, and communication

5. Literary Work -Semiotics

6. Identification of the problems • Research in metaphor can trace literal and abstract language symbols with widening new meaning that is influenced by socio-cultural background. • The concept of widening meaning is influenced by personal interpretation and subjective feeling that form socio-cultural-based pattern. • Language signs which include ikonisitas, indeksitas, simbolitaswith conceptual and metaphoric meaning describe cultutal background of society.

7. Research Objective

8. Significance of the Research • Theoretically, findings of this research is expected to be able to enrich reference in linguistics and to give insights into semiotic and semantic study. • Practically, this research is expected to be able to inform readers the language signs in HAMKA’s biography novel, and through language signs, we can know socio-cultural background of a literary works.

9. METAPHOR • Metaphor belongs to implicit comparative ‘majas (figure of speech).’ Without comparative words such as seperti or sebagaibetween two different things, we can also see comparison. For example, sumberilmu, kuli di antarabangsa-bangsa, buahhati, matajarum, anakemas (Djajasudarma, 2009:25) • Another opinion shows that the use of majasor kiasan is considered as rhetorical strategy used by orators and writers to beautify their writing or speech. • There are some kiasan (figurative) showing rhetorical utterances, namely klimaks, antiklimaks, antithesis, apostrof, eufimisme, hiperbola, simile, metonimi, ironi, onomatopea, oksimoron, paradox, personifikasi, sinekdoke.

10. Language Signs • Peirce (as cited by Danesi, 2010) states that human’s life is characterized by the ‘mixture of signs.’ Humans live with daily communication. In the communication, humans exchange verbal and non-verbal signs. This process creates interpretation of the signs. Peierce states that signs are the representation of concept, thing, and idea referred to as an object. Pierce identifies three mostly used signs, namely ikon, indeksandsimbol.

11. [1] Dalamwaktusingkat, beritamangkatnyaproklamator flamboyanitulangsungtersebarkepelosok-pelosok negeri. (hlm17) • [13] Kedua bola matakulangsungmembolamendengar perkataangurukuitu. “Benarkahitu, Syaikh?” tanyaku memintakepastian (hlm42) • [1] the word flamboyancan be put into language signs ‘ikosintaspersamaan; indeksitaspersona ; simbolitassosial’. • [13] the word membola can be put into language signs ‘ikosintaspersamaan; indeksitaspersona ; simbolitasbahasatindakan.’

12. Metaphorical Meaning • Metaphorical meaning (abstract) is in the form of rhetorical utterance represented in majas(figure of speech). Out of 18 majas, this research found only 12 majas. • Example: • Rhetorical utterances (UjaranRetoris) in MajasKlimaks • [19] Syaikh Ibrahim Musa adalahseorang guru yang sangatbaik. Tuturkatanyasangatlembut.Perilakunyasangatsantun. Lebihdariitu, beliau

13. Rhetorical Utterance (UjaranRetoris) in ‘MajasHiperbola’ • [27 ]…. words such as anakdurhaka, anaktaktahudiuntung, anaklasak, anaktakberguna, dananaktaktahubalasbudi yang keluardarimulut orang tuakuitubenar-benarmembuathatikumerasasakit (hlm 128)

14. Socio-cultural Background • Socio-cultural background showing personal interpretation and subjective feeling which is reflected directly is contained in 4 ‘majas’, namely klimaks, seruan, hiperbola, and litotes. • On the other hand, personal interpretation and subjective feeling which is reflected indirectly can be found in 8 ‘majas’ antithesis, apostrof, simile, metonimia, ironi, paradox, personifikasi, danpertanyaanretoris.

15. Conclusion • Language signs used in HAMKA’s biography novel consisted of ikon, indek, and simbol. • In term of meaning aspect, it found conceptual and metaphorical meaning. Metaphorical meaning is reflected in rhetorical utterances. Out of 18 rhetorical utterances, there are 12 rhetorical utterances: klimaks, Antithesis, Apostrof, Seruan, Hiperbola, Litotes, Simile, Metonimi, Ironi, Paradoks, Personifikasi,and PertanyaanRetoris. • Socio-cultural background found in the novel tends to describe personal interpretation and subjective feeling indirectly, which can be found in such ‘majas’ as antithesis, apostrof, simile, metonimia, ironi, paradox, personifikasi, and pertanyaanretoris.