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Weather and Climate: Elements and Factors

Explore the elements of weather and climate such as temperature, precipitation, pressure, wind, humidity, and more. Learn how these factors interact to determine the conditions on Earth. Understand the differences between weather and climate and their impact on our planet.

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Weather and Climate: Elements and Factors

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  1. Weather and Climate

  2. Weather and Climate • Weather – the situation of the atmosphere during a short period of time and a small surface of the Earth. It is very irregular and changes a lot. • Climate – the situation of the atmosphere during a long period of time and a big surface.

  3. The Elements of the Climate Temperature Rainfall Pressure Wind Humidity Cloud Cover

  4. Temperature

  5. Temperature How hot or cold something is Atmospheric temperature is measured with a thermometer in Celsius degrees (C°) The temperature of a place changes with the latitude

  6. According to temperatures, the earth is divided into five zones: • One hot zone, located between the tropics • Two temperate zones, located between the poles and the tropics • Two cold zones, that are located in the Arctic and Antarctic Pole

  7. Precipitation

  8. Precipitation • Occurs when so much water has condensed that the air cannot hold it • The clouds get heavy and water falls back to the earth in the form of rain, hail, sleet, and snow. • Rain gauge is used to measure precipitations. It shows (in millimeters) the quantity of water fallen during a period of time

  9. Pressure

  10. Pressure Weight or force on a unit area of surface Air pressure = weight of air on a unit area

  11. Pressure • Amount of atmosphere pushing on you • Greatest Pressure – Sea Level (1013.0 mb) • Measured by a barometer first invented by Torricelli in 1643. • Measured with inches or millibars

  12. High Pressure – High and Dry • Good Weather • Air Sinks – Diverges • Cool Temperature • High Density • Low Moisture • Anticyclone • Outwards Wind • Clockwise

  13. Low Pressure – Low and Lousy • Bad Weather • Air Rises – Converges • Warm Temperature • Low Density • High Moisture • Cyclone • Inward Winds • Counterclockwise

  14. Pressure and Temperature High Pressure = Low Temperature Low Pressure = High Temperature Pressure and Temperature are indirectly proportional

  15. Wind

  16. Wind HIGH PRESSURE CLOCKWISE AND OUTWARD LOW PRESSURE COUNTERCLOCKWISE AND INWARD • Horizontal Movement of Air • Caused by Convection – Uneven heating of the surface • Warm air rise, cold air sink creating a convection cell • Winds blow from high to low pressure

  17. Wind • Anemometer – Wind Speed • Wind Vane – Wind Direction Wind named by direction they come from

  18. Wind Speed • Isobars – Measure Equal Air Pressure • Close together – fast • Far Apart – slow • Pressure Gradient – biggest pressure change

  19. 8mb 36 mb

  20. Two Local Winds Sea Breeze • Occur during the day • Water Cool - high pressure – air sinks • Land Hot – low pressure – air rises • Wind from the sea

  21. Two Local Winds Land Breeze • Occur during the night • Land Cool - high pressure – air sinks • Water Hot – low pressure – air rises • Wind from the land

  22. Global Winds • North Hemisphere – Winds Curve Right • South Hemisphere – Winds Curve Left • Coriolis Effect – Curvature of Fluids due to Rotation

  23. Monsoons Northeast Monsoon Amihan Southwest Monsoon Habagat

  24. Relative Humidity and Dew Point

  25. Moisture in the Atmosphere 2 ways to measure moisture: Dew point Relative Humidity

  26. Dew Point • Temperature that air is saturated • Saturated – air is filled with moisture • Precipitation, condensation, clouds

  27. Air Temperature and Dew Point • When equal precipitation will occur • Air is saturated at this point • Relative humidity close to 100% • When far apart beautiful clear skies • Air is very dry!

  28. Relative Humidity • Amount of moisture at a certain temperature Cold air has less capacity to hold moisture Warm air has more capacity to hold moisture

  29. Air and Humidity Cold Air and Humidity Warm Air and Humidity Expands A ton of room for moisture Molecules expand Low Density Rises Has the capacity to hold a lot of moisture • Contracts • Not a lot of room for moisture • Molecules squeeze • Very Dense • Sinks • Water vapor fills up cold air very quickly

  30. Temperature increases, Humidity decreases Indirect relationship

  31. Questions?

  32. Exercise • Look at the climograph and make sentences for the different axes. 2. Look at the climograph and answer the questions. • What is the temperature in May? • What is the amount of precipitation in December? • What is the hottest month? • What is the coldest month? • What is the wettest month? • What is the driest month? • The data in the climograph is taken from what hemisphere?

  33. Exercise 3. Write 4 characteristics of this climate

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