Structures and Functions

1. Structures and Functions

2. SAPStandard Anatomical Position • Dorsal = BACK • Ventral = CHEST • Anterior = HEAD • Posterior = BUTT

3. Male or Female?

4. Frog External Anatomy

5. LABEL the structures on the mouth • Nostrils • Maxillary Teeth • Vomerine Teeth • Esophagus • Eustachian Tubes • Glottis • Tongue

6. Frog Mouth Anatomy • The tongue • Attaches to the front or the back of the mouth. forked • Flips out to catch prey • The esophagus • in the center of the mouth, toward the back, a single round opening • leads to the stomach • The Eustachain Tubes • Close to the angles of the jaw, two openings, one on each side. • to equalize pressure in the inner ear while the frog is swimming • Leads to the tympanic membrane • The Glottis • Just behind the tongue, a slit like opening. • the opening to the lungs • frog breathes and vocalizes with the glottis • Teeth • The frog has two sets of teeth • The vomerine teeth are found on the roof of the mouth. • The maxillary teeth are found around the edge of the mouth. • Both are used for holding prey, frogs swallow their meals whole and do NOT chew. • Nostrils (External and Internal Nares) • Two tiny openings on the roof of the mouth

9. camouflage • most frogs have dark dorsal sides and light ventral sides to protect them from predators on land and in water, respectively

10. brain • consists of five major regions: olfactory lobes, cerebrum, optic lobe, cerebellum, and the medula oblongata (anterior to posterior); nervous system

11. medula oblongata • a region of the brain which controls some organ function, such as respiration rate and heart rate; nervous system

12. cerebellum • a region of the brain that is responsible for muscle coordination; nervous system

13. cerebrum • a region of the brain that is responsible for learning; nervous system  

14. cloaca • collects wastes from digestive and excretory systems, and removes them from the body

15. esophagus • digestive system structure which is a tube leading food from the mouth cavity to the stomach

16. eustachian tubes • tubes connecting the mouth cavity and the tympanic membrane that help equalize internal ear pressure

17. fat bodies • attached near the kidneys, and provide nourishment for the gametes; much larger and more abundant in females

18. gall bladder • stores bile from the liver, and sends bile to the small intestine; digestive system

19. 40 38 42 39 44 56 55 43 46 52 50 51 49 47 Frog internals 2 Auricle (atrium) Ventricle Conus arteriosus Lung Liver Gall bladder Small intestine Large intestine Spleen Kidney Fat bodies Urinary bladder Adrenal gland testis

20. gullet • the opening to the esophagus; digestive system

21. heart • three chambered structure (ventricle, right atrium, left atrium) that circulates blood; circulatory system

22. kidneys • filter blood and urine that drains into the urinary bladder; excretory system

23. large intestine • collects wastes from the tissues; digestive system

24. left atrium • a chamber of the heart that collects oxygenated blood from the lungs and pushes it into the ventricle; circulatory system

25. liver • a three lobed structure that produces bile for lipid digestion; not part of food passage through the digestive system, but rather through the blood supply; digestive system

27. lung • collects oxygen from the air and transfers it to the blood supply; respiratory system

28. nictating membrane • a clear covering over the eye, acting similar to an eyelid, protecting the eye from debris in the water or keeping the eye moistened when on land

29. olfactory lobes • a region of the brain responsible for the sense of smell; nervous system

30. optic lobes • a region of the brain responsible for the sense of sight; nervous system

31. pancreas • secretes enzymes into the small intestine; digestive system

32. right atrium • a chamber of the heart that collects deoxygenated blood from the tissues and pumps it into the ventricle; circulatory system

33. small intestine • breaks down soupy mixture from stomach into usable nutrients, using bile from the gall bladder and enzymes from the pancreas; digestive system

34. spinal cord • connected to the brain and 10 pairs of spinal nerves; nervous system

35. spleen • filters improperly functioning blood cells; circulatory system

36. stomach • secretes digestive juices to breakdown whole foods swallowed by the frog into a soupy mixture; digestive system

37. teeth • maxillary and vomerine teeth are used to hold onto caught prey, not for chewing

38. Frog mouth 30. Maxillary teeth 31. Vomerine teeth 33. Eustachian tubes • Tongue • Glottis • Esophagus

39. tongue • folded and slightly forked (but not like a snake's); it flips forward to catch prey

40. tympanic membrane • the eardrum, which collects sound waves; this is more external than one found in humans, and allows frogs to hear well in the water too

41. urinary bladder • stores urine before it is exreted through the cloaca; excretory system

42. ventricle • a chamber of the heart that collects blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the tissues, and collects blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs; circulatory system

43. TESTIS and OVARIES

44. Frog mouth 30. Maxillary teeth 31. Vomerine teeth 33. Eustachian tubes • Tongue • Glottis • Esophagus

45. Frog internals 1 One mouse click for answers Ventricle Auricle (atrium) Conus arteriosus Aortic arches Liver Fat bodies Urinary bladder

46. 40 38 42 39 44 56 55 43 46 52 50 51 49 47 Frog internals 2 Mouse click once for answers Auricle (atrium) Ventricle Conus arteriosus Lung Liver Gall bladder Small intestine Large intestine Spleen Kidney Fat bodies Urinary bladder Adrenal gland testis

47. 45 48 49 56 46 55 50 47 57 Frog internals- male Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Pancreas Spleen Kidney Adrenal Testis Vestigial oviducts

48. Frog internals- female Mouse click one time for answers 45. Stomach 46. Small intestine 47. Large intestine 48. Pancreas 49. Spleen 51. Fat bodies 52. Urinary bladder 58. Ovary 59. Oviduct Last slide

49. Internal Anatomy Digestive, Circulatory & Respiratory Systems • Fat Bodies --Spaghetti shaped structures that have a bright orange or yellow color • Peritoneum ­ A spider web like membrane that covers many of the organs, you may have to carefully pick it off to get a clear view • Liver--The largest structure of the body cavity.  This brown colored organ is composed of three parts, or lobes.  The right lobe, the left anterior lobe, and the left posterior lobe.  The liver is not primarily an organ of digestion; it does secrete a digestive juice called bile.  Bile is needed for the proper digestion of fats. Bile is emptied into the gall bladder which then empties into the duodenum. • Heart - at the top of the liver, the heart is a triangular structure. The left and right atrium can be found at the top of the heart. A single ventricle located at the bottom of the heart. The large vessel that extends out from the heart is the conus arteriosis.

50. Lungs - underneath & behind the heart & liver. They are two spongy organs. Lungs attach to the trachea via tubes called bronchi. • Gall bladder--a small green sac under the liver which stores bile and then releases it into the duodenum via the bile duct. • Stomach--Curving from underneath the liver is the stomach.  The stomach is the first major site of chemical digestion.  Frogs swallow their meals whole.   The stomach connects to the small intestine.  The pyloric sphincter valve regulates the exit of food from the stomach • Pancreas – This glandular organ is located within the curve of the stomach. On preserved frogs it may not be easy to find, as the gland breaks down. It secretes insulin, which is needed for the proper breakdown of sugar. • Small Intestine--Leading from the stomach.  The first straight portion of the small intestine is called the duodenum, the curled portion is the ileum.  A membrane called the mesentery holds the ileum together.  Note the blood vessels running through the mesentery; they will carry absorbed nutrients away from the intestine.  Absorption of digested nutrients occurs in the small intestine. • Large Intestine--the small intestine will widen into the large intestine.  The large intestine is also known as the cloaca in the frog.  The cloaca is the last stop before wastes, sperm, or urine exit the frog's body.  (The word "cloaca" means sewer.) • Last is the anus.