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The Cell: Structure, Function, and Chemistry

Explore the fascinating world of cells, from the smallest unicellular organisms to complex multicellular organisms. Learn about the cell theory, chemical compounds in cells, and the primary chemicals of life. Discover the importance of cell organelles and their specific functions.

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The Cell: Structure, Function, and Chemistry

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  1. Cells U4.1-3, voc#1 1. cell 2. organism 3. unicellular 4. multicellular 5. Schleiden 6. Schwann 7. Virchow 8. compound microscope 9. cell theory (3 parts) LifeSc. Ch.1 s.1 CELLS Cells U4.1-3, voc#5 1. mitochrondria 2. cellular respiration 2. atp 3. adp 4. ribosomes 5. amino acids 6. endoplasmic reticulum 7. smooth endoplasmic reticulum 8. rough endoplasmic reticulum Cells U4.1-3, voc#4 1. organelles2. cell membrane3. cytoplasm4. protoplasm5. cytoskeleton6. nucleus7. dna8. nuclear membrane9. rna10. chromatin11. nucleolus Cells U4.1-3, voc#2 atoms protons neutrons nucleus chemical symbol electrons elements molecule compound chemical formula Cells U4.1-3, voc#3 lipids proteins amino acids carbohydrates simple carbohydrates complex carbohydrates nucleic acids nucleotides phospholipids water (as nutrient) Cells U4.1-3, voc#6 1. cell wall2. cellulose3. chlorophyll4. chloroplasts5. photosynthesis6. (2) raw materials7. (2) products8. vacuoles

  2. ___ ______ ORGANISM: ANY LIVING THING • ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS • CELL: BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION FOR ALL LIFE • CELLS RANGE IN SIZE FROM BACTERIA (.01µM) TO PLANT CELLS (100µM) • CELL SIZE LIMITED BY SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO (s2 -:- s3) • UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS: ONE CELLED LIFE • ALL NECESSARY LIFE ACTIVITIES DONE INSIDE A SINGLE CELL • MOST COMMON FORM OF LIFE ON EARTH • MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS : MADE OF MANY, SPECIALIZED CELLS • EACH CELL SPECIALIZED TO PERFORM A SPECIFIC LIFE FUNCTION • ORGANISM DEPENDENT ON ALL INTER-DEPENDENT CELLS FOR SURVIVAL 2

  3. CELL THEORY • MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN AND THEODORE SCHWANN 'S DISCOVERIES • BOTH USED IMPROVED COMPOUND MICROSCOPES • 1838: SCHLEIDEN STATED THAT ALL PLANTS ARE MADE OF CELLS • 1839: SCHWANN STATED THAT ALL ANIMALS WERE MADE OF CELLS • WITH SCHLEIDEN, SCHWANN STATED THAT LIFE IS MADE OF CELLS • SCHWANN ALSO STATED THAT THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE • SCHWANN CONTRIBUTED TO 1ST TWO PARTS OF CELL THEORY 3

  4. RUDOLF VIRCHOW : STATED THAT CELLS CAN ONLY COME FROM CELLS IN 1858 • GOOD QUALITY MICROSCOPES WERE NEEDED TO DEVELOP CELL THEORY • PROVIDED THE FINAL PART COMPONENT OF CELL THEORY • CELL THEORY: THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE SCIENCE • 1. ALL LIFE IS MADE OF CELLS • 2. LIVING CELLS CAN ONLY COME FROM LIVING CELLS • 3. CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ALL LIVING THINGS 4

  5. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN CELLS • ELEMENT: CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES • ATOM: SMALLEST UNIT OF AN ELEMENT; BASIC UNIT ALL MATTER • ELEMENTS ARE MADE OF ONLY A SINGLE TYPE OF ATOM • CHEMICAL SYMBOL: REPRESENTS AN ELEMENT (ex: "Fe" - IRON) • ATOM’S NUCLEUS INCLUDES (+) PROTEIN, NEUTRAL NEUTRON • TINY (1/1000TH MASS OF PROTON) (-) ELECTRONS ORBIT NUCLEUS 5

  6. MOLECULE: SMALLEST UNIT WITH THE PROPERTIES OF A SUBSTANCE • MADE OF 2 OR MORE ATOMS • ATOMS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY CHEMICAL BONDS • COMPOUND: THE CHEMICAL COMBINATION OF 2 OR MORE ELEMENTS • MOLECULE: SMALLEST UNIT OF MOST COMPOUNDS; HAS 2 DIFFERENT ELEMENTS • COMPOUND’S PROPERTIES ARE DIFFERENT FROM THOSE OF THEIR ELEMENTS • CHEMICAL FORMULA: SHORTHAND FOR THE MOLECULE'S COMPOSITION • EXAMPLES OF FORMULA: H2O - WATER, CO2 - CARBON DIOXIDE , O2 IS OXYGEN 6

  7. CELL’S CHEMISTRY: THE 5 PRIMARY CHEMICALS OF LIFE • WATER: MOST ABUNDANT IN LIVING THINGS, 2/3RD OF CELL’S MASS • REQUIRE FOR MANY CHEMICAL REACTIONS • MOVES IN/OUT OF CELL BY OSMOSIS • OSMOSIS: BALANCING OF FLUIDS THROUGH A MEMBRANE • ESSENTIAL PROCESS FOR ALL EXCHANGES OF MATERIAKLS • CARBOHYDRATES: (CHO) FIRST ENERGY SOURCE, ENERGY STORAGE • CARBOHYDRATES HAVE CARBON (C), HYDROGEN (H), OXYGEN (O) • SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES: SIMPLE SUGARS • COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES: STARCHES, FIBER (PASTA) 7

  8. LIPIDS: (CHO) INCLUDE FATS, OILS, WAXES • STORE ENERGY IN CELLS, USED FOR CELL STRUCTURES • PHOSPHOLIPIDS: LIPIDS THAT CONTAIN PHOSPHORUS • TOP (HEAD) OF PHOSPHOLIPID MOLECULE; ITS TAIL REPELS WATER • A DOUBLE PHOSPHORUS LAYER MAKES UP CELL MEMBRANES • LIPIDS FOUND IN OILS, AND FATTY FOODS • PROTEINS: (CHON) MADE OF AMINO ACIDS, CONTAIN NITROGEN • AMINO ACIDS: NITROGEN-BASED MOLECULES • BUILD AND REPAIR CELL STRUCTURES, INCLUDES ENZYMES • NUCLEIC ACIDS: CHEMICALS THAT CARRY AND STORE INFORMATION • DNA STORES INFORMATION • RNA COMMUNICATES INFORMATION, ASSEMBLES PROTEINS 8

  9. TWO TYPES OF LIVING CELLS • PROKARYOTES: A PRIMITIVE ORGANISM WITHOUT A NUCLEUS • HAS CELL WALL, CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM • GENETIC INFORMATION EMBEDDED IN CYTOPLASM • BACTERIAL CELLS: A VERY TINY PROKARYOTE • EUKARYOTESHAVE A NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES • MORE COMPLEX FORMS OF LIFE • TYPE OF CELL FOUND IN MULTI-CELLED ORGANISMS 9

  10. CELL ORGANELLES: TINY CELL STRUCTURE WITH SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS • CELL MEMBRANE: OUTER LAYER OF ALL CELL'S CYTOPLASM • FORMS A BOUNDARY BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, CELL • CONTROLS PASSAGE OF MATERIALS INTO AND OUT OF THE CELL • MADE OF DOUBLE LAYER OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS • CYTOPLASM: REGION BETWEEN CELL MEMBRANE AND NUCLEUS • CONTAINS THE CELL’S FLUIDS AND ORGANELLES • MADE OF JELL-LIKE PROTOPLASM, MOSTLY WATER • CYTOSKELETON: NETWORK OF PROTEIN FILAMENTS • GIVES CELL SHAPE AND SUPPORT • INVOLVED IN CELL DIVISION 9 10

  11. NUCLEUS: CONTROL STRUCTURE OF CELL, DIRECTS ITS ACTIVITIES • MADE OF A DENSER, DARKER PROTOPLASM CALLED NUCLEOPLASM • CONTAINS DNA : NUCLEIC ACID THAT CONTAINS ALL GENETIC INFORMATION • DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA): DOUBLE HELIX STRAND OF GENETIC MATERIAL • CONTAINS INFORMATION NEEDED USED BY THE CELL FOR GROWTH, REPAIR • ALSO CONTAINS RNA: USED TO TRANSFER INFORMATION, BUILD PROTEINS • NUCLEAR MEMBRANE: CONTROLS PASSAGE OF MATERIALS INTO NUCLEUS • DOUBLE LAYER, SIMILAR TO CELL MEMBRANE • HAS PORES FOR THE PASSAGE OF RNA (ON RIBOSOMES) 11

  12. CHROMATIN: STRANDS OF GENETIC MATERIAL IN NUCLEUS • STORES INHERITED INFORMATION • MADE OF WOUND STRANDS OF DNA • NUCLEOLUS: DARK CENTRAL STRUCTURE IN NUCLEUS HAS CHROMOSOMES • MAKES RIBOSOMES THAT USE RNA TO MAKE PROTEINS, CARRY MESSAGES • CHROMOSOMES: STRAND-LIKE, MADE OF DNA, CARRY INFORMATION 12

  13. THE CYTOPLASM: • MITROCHRONDRIA: BEAN-SHAPED POWERHOUSES OF CELL, HAS OWN DNA • CARRY ON CELLULAR RESPIRATION: USES OXYGEN TO RELEASE ENERGY • GET ENERGY FROM SUGAR, MAKING ATP • CELLS USE ATP FOR ENERGY, BREAKING IT DOWN INTO ADP • ACTIVE CELLS HAVE MANY MORE MITOCHONDRIA 13

  14. RIBOSOMES: ORGANELLES THAT MAKE PROTEINS BY COMBINING CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS • AMINO ACIDS: THE 20+ NITROGEN-BASED BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS • RIBOSOMES ARE NOT ENCLOSED IN A MEMBRANE, CONTAIN RNA • FLOAT FREE IN CYTOPLASM OR FOUND ATTACHED TO THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM • ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: MAZE OF PASSAGES IN CYTOPLASM • SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM HAS NO ATTACHED RIBOSOMES • MAKES LIPIDS • BREAKS DOWN TOXIC MATERIALS • ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM HAS MANY ATTACHED RIBOSOMES 14

  15. GOLGI COMPLEX: FLATTENED SACS AND TUBE-LIKE STRUCTURES • LOCATED THROUGHOUT CYTOPLASM • RECEIVE LIPIDS AND PROTEINS FROM ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM • MAY MODIFY THESE FOR DIFFERENT REQUIREMENTS • PACKAGES FINISHED PRODUCTS IN SACS CALLED VESICLES • VESICLES TRANSPORT MATERIALS THROUGHOUT CELL • LYSOSOMES: SMALL ROUND VACUOLE-LIKE STRUCTURE • HAVE ENZYMES TO DOWN NUTRIENTS, OLD CELL PARTS • USUALLY FOUND ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS 15

  16. ORGANELLES FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLS • CELL WALL: MADE OF RIGID CELLULOSE, ONLY IN PLANT CELLS • NON-LIVING, SUPPORTS AND PROTECTS PLANT CELL AND PLANT • POROUS, ALLOWS FREE PASSAGE OF MATERIALS • CHLOROPLASTS: FOOD-MAKING STRUCTURES IN PLANTS • PERFORM PHOTOSYNTHESIS: MAKES FOOD USING CHLOROPHYLL • HAS GREEN PIGMENT CHLOROPHYLL, USES SUN'S ENERGY • NEED WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE TO MAKE SUGAR (GLUCOSE), OXYGEN • SUGAR USED BY MITOCHONDRIA TO MAKE ATP • LARGE VACUOLES: BUBBLE-LIKE STORAGE SPACES IN PLANTS • LARGE WATER VACUOLES HELP SUPPORT PLANT CELL • WATER NEEDED FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS, MANY LIFE PROCESSES 16

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