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How Are Living Things Classified?

How Are Living Things Classified?. Chapter 1 – Section 4. Key Vocabulary and Concepts. Classification. Activity: Why is classification important?. History of Classification. When people started to group things: Use Description (Commonalities) Aristotle (Classical Ages) divided animals:

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How Are Living Things Classified?

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  1. How Are Living Things Classified? Chapter 1 – Section 4

  2. Key Vocabulary and Concepts

  3. Classification • Activity: • Why is classification important?

  4. History of Classification • When people started to group things: • Use • Description (Commonalities) Aristotle (Classical Ages) divided animals: • Those with blood and those without • # of legs • Rational soul vs sensitive soul • Other early systems grouped plants that were helpful (medicines) or animals by qualities: • Courageous (lions) or wise (owls) • Not widely adopted

  5. Carl Linnaeus (Swedish) • Late 18th Century – developed a new classification system • SystemaNaturae • Series of tables arranged by feature • Animal, Vegetable, Mineral • Based on organisms with similar structures • Plants with similar flower structures grouped together • Animals with similar structures grouped together • First widely adopted system

  6. Modern Classification • Moden classification continues to use similarities to classify organisms • Also adds internal and external characteristics • Also adds evolutionary history to describe relatedness • Uses fossils, hereditary information, early developmental information to determine phylogeny • Phylogeny – evolutionary history of an organism (how it has changed over time). • New basis for classification of many organisms. • Displayed as Phylogenetic Tree

  7. Phylogenetic Trees

  8. Domains and Kingdoms • Modern Classification groups all life into: • 3 Domains • 6 Kingdoms • Domains: • Bacteria • Archae • Eurkarya • Kindoms: • Eubacteria (Bacteria), Archaebacteria (Archae), Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

  9. Domains and Kingdoms

  10. Organism Classification • Phylum Kingdom Class Order Family Genus Species

  11. Helpful Hints King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup Family Genus Soup Kingdom Kingdom Phylum Class Order Kingdom Kingdom

  12. Binomial Nomenclature • Developed by Carl Linnaeus with SystemaNaturae • Uses two (Bi) name (nomial) system to identify specific organism • Genus and Species (Latin) • Genus tells information about how organism relates • Species tells information about the organism • Looks like • Where it is found • Who discovered

  13. Binomial Nomenclature • Amblyommaamericanum - Lone Star Tick • Orcinus Orca - Orca or Killer Whale Species Genus

  14. Problems with Common Names • Activity – What might be some problems if we used only the common names of organisms? - Jellyfish -- Sealion - Red Panda

  15. Benefits of Scientific Names • Avoids confusion - sometimes common names could refer to more than one species (jellyfish) • Organisms with similar evolutionary history are classified together • Give descriptive information about species • What it looks like • Where it is found • Who discovered • Allows information to be organized easily and efficiently (common names can differ, scientific names do not)

  16. Identifying Organisms • Field Guides • Use images and descriptions along with names • Dichotomous Keys • Detailed list of characteristics that are arranged in two descriptive statements at each step • Follow key to identify organism

  17. Dichotomous Keys

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