1. THE EVOLUTION OF NEUROPROSTHESES

2. Lawrence Livermore - Flexible Silicone-Based Electrode Arrays • LLNL is developing soft electrode arrays that readily conform to the retina. • Process Development • (Batch Fabrication) • Flexible substrate • Metal deposition • Encapsulation • Electrical contacts Flexible metallized silicone prototype • Features: • Interface with delicate neural tissue • Conformal with neural tissue • Resilient during implantation • Biocompatible for long term implantation Conformal test implant

3. Bulk Micromachined Components • Sandia National Laboratories Bosch etched single crystal silicon electrodes

4. Argonne National Labs - Ultrananocrystalline Diamond (UNCD) as Bioinert Hermetic Coating for Si Microchip Encapsulation UNCD Si Hermetic UNCD coating encapsulates Si micro-chip to make it bio-inert /biocompatible 1 µm UNCD-coated microtips provide high-current / bio-inert electrode for current injection into retina

5. Adaptive optics can provide unique diagnostic capability for high resolution retinal imaging Visual acuity is degraded by aberrations in the cornea and lens. wavefront corrector Adaptive optics correct for these aberrations. Without AO With AO • An adaptive optics system can be used to sense and correct aberrations in a subject’s eye and allow detailed studies of retinal structure under a variety of conditions. Images of single cells in the living human retina