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Shifts in Scholarship in 12th c.: Seeking to understand natural world Value of reason

Shifts in Scholarship in 12th c.: Seeking to understand natural world Value of reason Revival of Classical works and Arabic studies thereof Emergence of dialectic Pondering individual’s position in world. Natural Philosophy: Humans’ relationship to world and God

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Shifts in Scholarship in 12th c.: Seeking to understand natural world Value of reason

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  1. Shifts in Scholarship in 12th c.: Seeking to understand natural world Value of reason Revival of Classical works and Arabic studies thereof Emergence of dialectic Pondering individual’s position in world

  2. Natural Philosophy: Humans’ relationship to world and God Studies of Genesis Use of Classical texts leading to use of dialectic

  3. Dialectic: Pioneered by Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Transfer of Arabic works using it to Europe - possibly influential Used in e.g. law and theology How do we prove that God exists?

  4. Anselm of Bec (c. 1034-1109) Monk, eventually abbot of Bec c. 1077 Asked to prove existence of God without using scripture. Addressed topic in Proslogion: “ontological proof.” Refuted by Gaunilo, “On Behalf of the Fool” 1093 Becomes Archbishop of Canterbury

  5. Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Son of a Breton knight. Studied under William of Champeaux Fell out with master, taught philosophy, then studied theology under Anselm of Laon Fell out with master, taught theology, in Paris from 1113

  6. Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Affair with Heloise, niece of Fulbert, canon of Cathedral of Notre Dame Astrolabe

  7. Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Abelard enters abbey of St Denis Heloise also enters an abbey as a nun Correspondence

  8. Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Abelard quarrels with monks of St Denis, then in 1121 is condemned by church council. Seeks to live as hermit, but followed by students 1126 Becomes abbot of St Gildas, Brittany 1133 Flees St Gildas. Subsequently teaches in Reims, then Paris

  9. Peter Abelard (1079-1142) 1141 Condemned by church council at instigation of Bernard of Clairvaux. Sets out for Rome to appeal to pope but falls ill en route. Takes refuge at Cluny. Dies at Cluny in 1142 History of My Adversities (1132-33)

  10. Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Dialectic (1121-25) Sic et Non

  11. Universals: Platonic Realism: There is a realm of forms where exist ideal archetypes of every quality or object (e.g. rose). Earthly objects as imperfect versions of ideal forms Nominalism: Universals are mere names invented by people

  12. Universals: End 11th c. Roscellinus teaches extreme nominalism, while William of Champeaux teaches extreme Platonic realism Abelard teaches “conceptualism.” Universals as abstract concepts in mind, but also real things inhering in real objects

  13. Works demonstrating contemplation of self and relationship to world

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