Essential Questions

1. Essential Questions What is political culture? Cornerstones? Difference between Valence and Wedge What is the difference between liberal and conservative Libertarian – populist – progressives? What is political socialization? Biggest factor? What are the different generations? Affects? Most important polling requirements? Why does political opinion matter?

2. Text @apgovexam to 81010 AP Testing tips and reviews

3. Chap. 10 Citizen Beliefs and Public Opinion Polls Essential Question: How do demographics, political culture, and dynamic social change shape citizen beliefs about government, and how are those beliefs measured?

4. Conservative v. Liberal

5. Political Culture • The set of attitudes that shape political behavior • Cornerstones of political culture: • Individualism • Equal opportunity • Free enterprise • Rule of law • Limited government

6. Individualism A belief in the fundamental worth and importance of the individual “inalienable rights” of individuals are protected by the Bill of Rights Balanced by enlightened self-interest – belief that one’s own interests are best served when the good of the group is also considered

7. Equal Opportunity “Equality of opportunity means that the commonwealth will get from every citizen the highest service of which he is capable.” - Teddy Roosevelt Fourteenth Amendment – no State shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

8. Free Enterprise • Government should take a laissez-faire “let it be” approach and an “invisible hand” – guided by the interactions of producers and consumers – would regulate over time. • Adam Smith, Scottish economist: • The Wealth of Nations (1776) - believed state (government) should protect people from invasion and maintain law and order – only intervene in economics to protect the people.

9. Rule of Law

10. Limited Government Government kept under control by law and by checks and balances and the separation of powers. Key to civil liberties

11. Valence Issues v. Wedge Issues • Valence Issues – concerns or policies that are viewed in the same way by people with a variety of ideologies • Government regulation of dangerous industries • Government education of children at public expense • Protection of free speech • Wedge Issues – issues that sharply divide the public • Abortion • Wars

12. Liberal / Conservative

13. Ideology 2011

14. Ideology 2017

15. Libertarians Oppose government intervention or regulation High regard for civil liberties (think Bill of Rights) Conservative fiscally Liberal socially Oppose censorship; want lower taxes; dislike government-imposed morality

16. Populists Working-class families Protestant; fundamental Christians South & Midwest Donald Trump

17. Progressives Republican Party split in early 1900’s Progressives and Conservatives emerged Worker’s rights over corporate rights Wealthy should pay more tax than poor (progressive tax structure we have today)

18. Influences on Political Socialization Family – biggest influence Teachers / Peers Media – weakening the family influence Religious Institutions – Protestant = Republican; Catholics & Jews = Democrat Civic Institutions – nongovernmental, nonbusiness, voluntary sector Geographic Location

19. Influence of Globalization The process of an ever-expanding and increasingly interactive world economy; has an influence on political culture also. In general, U.S. influence on world is seen as “democratizing”, but may also heighten tension between American values and local values. Other countries being influence to U.S. through globalization also – “collectivistic” culture from Asia.

20. Generational Effects Four generational categories on the political continuum: Millennials – born 1982 or later Generation X – born 1965-1982 Baby Boomers – born 1946-1964 Silent Generation – born before 1945

21. Millennials • Foreign Policy • 53% believe U.S. provoked 9/11 • Seminal events – 9/11 and conflicts in Afghanistan / Iraq • 50% say U.S. should stay out of world affairs • Economic Views • Sustainable lifestyles • Great Recession influenced - 70% accept gov’t intervention in a failing economy • Voting • 43% Democrat • 26% Republican

22. The Silent Generation • Foreign Policy • Defeat of communism foremost • Forgiving for Vietnam • Social Issues • Tough on crime • Oppose gay marriage • Oppose legal marijuana • Voting • Largest voter turnout: 66% in 2016, 59% in 2014 midterms • Shift to Republican Party since 1980’s

23. Types of Polling • Benchmark • Used to gather information about people’s views and concerns • Before a potential candidate has declared his/her intentions • Tracking • Same questions over time to “track” opinion • Used to shape a campaign • Exit • Taken outside a polling place • Predict outcome of election • Gain insight on voters • Identify and analyze voting demographics

24. Polling Methodology Objectiveness of wording of questions Question order Question framing – posing it in a way that emphasizes a certain perspective

25. *Sampling Techniques for a good poll • Representative Sample – group of people meant to represent the large group in question (universe) • About 1,500 respondents • Random Sample • Every single member of the universe must have an equal chance of selection into sample • Random-digit sample • Computer randomly calls possible numbers in a given area until enough people respond to establish a representative sample. • Weighting / stratification • Making sure demographics are properly represented

26. Sampling Error • Margin of error • Larger sample = smaller margin of error • Plus or minus 4% = satisfactory • Sampling error – difference between poll results • Determine by measuring results in two or more polls • Push Polling • Telephone poll with an ulterior motive • Caller attempts to “push” receiver by offering positive or negative points disguised as a poll

27. Public Opinion – Source of Political Influence • Influence on Elections • Bandwagon Effect - Shift of support to a candidate or position holding the lead in public opinion polls and therefore believed to be endorsed by many people. • Influence on Policy Debate • Legislative – Reps are responsive / Senators not as much • Executive – uses “honeymoon” to get agenda advanced • Judicial – tend to issue rulings consistent with mood of country

28. Social-Desirability Bias Respondents and declared voters tell the pollster what they think the pollster wants to hear Affects predictions of voter turnout Voters do not want to be perceived negatively – say one thing and vote another

29. Undecideds Breaking Late When voters finally decide or “break” late Non-response bias – when voters turn away from pollsters

30. Political Ideology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_k_k-bHigM

31. Public Opinion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJLDgb8m3K0

32. Essential Questions What is political culture? Cornerstones? Difference between Valence and Wedge What is the difference between liberal and conservative Libertarian – populist – progressives? What is political socialization? Biggest factor? What are the different generations? Affects? Most important polling requirements? Why does political opinion matter?