Early Exploration

1. Early Exploration Notes

2. SS6H6: The student will analyze the impact of European exploration and colonization on various world regions Essential Question: - What factors, including the contributions of Prince Henry the Navigator, influenced European nations to begin overseas exploration? • How did European exploration impact European development?

3. Geographic Factors What were the geographic factors that fed the rise in exploration? • The Turks blocked the trade route from the Mediterranean Sea to the land route to Asia. • Crusades—European countries tried to regain control of holy sites that had been taken over by the Muslims and were exposed to trade items. • Portugal—They didn’t have a Mediterranean port location and needed an option. • Arabs’ prices were too high. (Middle Man)

4. Africa: (West) Ghana—salt and gold Imposed taxes on goods, so traders found new routes over time Mali—gold Songhai—skins, ivory China and India: Spices, sugar, silk, cotton, porcelain Suppliers and GoodsWhat goods were traded?

5. Technology What were technology changes that increased exploration? • Better ships • triangular sail, sturdy rudder • Better tools • Astrolabe, magnetic compass • Better maps • Cartographer—a person who makes/studies maps Included ocean currents and latitude lines

6. Other Factors What other factors encouraged exploration of new trade routes? • Renaissance Period • Renaissance means “new birth” • Period of time when the wealthy studied classical books or ancient Greece and Rome • Rise of monarchs • Countries were ruled by kings and queens and they paid for the exploration trips

7. The Leader • Prince Henry “The Navigator” of Portugal • Started a school of navigation in 1420 • Didn’t sail, but planned voyages and analyzed their reports • Astronomers, geographers, mathematicians shared info with Portuguese sailors and shipbuilders. • Expert mapmakers updated maps/charts

8. Other Ways They Prepared Many explorers read the Viking Sagas. A Saga is a traditional story. Christopher Columbus read the written works of Ptolemy, an ancient Greek Astronomer.

9. Portugal • Bartholomeu Dias • Sent by King John II • Sailed to Cape of Good Hope, tip of Africa • Vasco Da Gama • Sailed around Africa to India • Pedro Alvares Cabral • Swung wide to Africa and reached Brazil first • Established important forts for trade

10. Spain Christopher Columbus • Sailed to Bahamas/Caribbean • Thought he had found India Amerigo Vespucci • South America • The Americas are named after him Vasco Nunez de Balboa • Hiked over mountains to see the Pacific Ocean Ferdinand Magellan • Sailed through a strait (narrow waterway) • Named the Pacific Ocean (pacifico-peaceful) • circumnavigate—sail around the world

11. Portugal: 1487— Bartholomeu Dias 1497— Vasco da Gama 1497— Pedro Alvares Cabral *Columbus sailed for both countries! Spain: 1492— Christopher Columbus 1502— Amerigo Vespucci 1513— Vasco Nunez de Balboa 1520— Ferdinand Magellan Who Sailed for Whom?

12. Line of Demarcation(Treaty of Tordesillas) Pope Alexander drew an imaginary line running down the middle of the Atlantic from the North Pole to the South Pole. Spain got the West and Portugal got the East.

13. Why wasn’t this line fair? Spain got all of the new world, and Portugal was left with mostly claimed land.

14. What Did I Do? (Portugal) • Prince Henry -started a sailing school in Portugal • Dias-Explored Africa to its southern tip • Da Gama-Rounded tip of Africa, sailed to India • Cabral-Swung wide, explored coast of Brazil, set up trade forts in India

15. What Did I Do? (Spain) • Columbus-Did not find Americas first, explored islands in the Caribbean. • Vespucci-Explored South American coast, Americas named after him • De Balboa-Hiked mountains and saw Pacific Ocean first • Magellan-Circumnavigated the world by sailing through a strait near the tip of S. America, named the Pacific Ocean—pacifico (peaceful)

16. Exploration in South America • Spanish explorers were known as conquistadors • They received grants, or special permission, to explore and claim land. • Cortez-(Mexico) Conquered the Aztecs in the city of Tenochtitlan, put the Aztec emperor, Montezuma in prison. • Pizarro-(Peru) Conquered the Incas, executed their leader, Atahualpa.

17. Why Did Spain Succeed So Easily? • The natives thought they were gods… • Weapons the Indians had never seen, guns and cannons • Horses the Indians had never seen • Shiny armor/uniforms • The natives didn’t like their Aztec rulers… • Sided and fought with Spanish for “freedom”

18. Explorer Motivation in Americas • Personally--Gold, Jewels, status • For country—Land to claim, spread religion • Seven Cities of Cibola (National Treasure Movie!) • The natives told the story of cities of gold

19. Exploration in North America • Ponce de Leon- (1513) Explored Florida, searched for the “Fountain of Youth” (St. Augustine) • De Vaca and Estevanico- (1528) Explored Florida to the Southwest (Mexico), became medicine men to survive • De Soto- (1541) Explored Western North America, died and was dumped into the Mississippi River. • Coronado- (1540) Explored Colorado River and Kansas, wanted to find Cibola.

20. French Exploration French explorers wanted to find a direct water route THROUGH North America.: The Northwest Passage Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River near Canada

21. English Exploration • England sent John Cabot • He explored Newfoundland • England used his voyage to claim parts of the East coast of America

22. Netherlands (Dutch) • Sent Henry Hudson • He explored the Hudson River in present day New York • New York was the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam before the English took it over