Authors : T. BELLET , J.C. PARIS , C. MARIN-LAMELLET (IFSTTAR – LESCOT)

1. Older Divers’ needs and expectations concerning car driving Assistances: a Focus Group study among French drivers Authors: T.BELLET, J.C. PARIS, C.MARIN-LAMELLET (IFSTTAR – LESCOT) • Vienna, the 5th of June 2014

2. Research Objectives • To increase knowledge about French Older Drivers’ Difficulties when driving their own car • To Identify Older drivers’ Uses, Expectations and Acceptance of Driving Aids(Existing or Futures) • To Investigate potential Differences between Women and Men • In order to Identify and/or Specify future Driving Aids specificallyadapted to Older Drivers : =>S-ADAS : Senior Adapted Driving Aid Systems

3. Method for data collection • Focus Groups: involving around 5 participants (+/- 2) • Total Duration : 3 hours (+ 2 coffee breaks) • Individual Opinionswere firstly collectedby using Likert scales (from 0 % to 100%) : • A kind of “Collective Questionnaire” (individual Grid) • Avoid inter-individual influences in the group • Collective discussions / debates(on overall issues), but supported by Individual opinions initially collected • Similar versus Contrastedpoints of view

4. Data collection :LikertScales (from 0% to 100%) Difficulties when driving: Question) Have you any difficulties to [example] when driving ? Sometimes Rather « NO » Rather « YES » Frequently NEVER Not at All Absolutely ALWAYS Driving Assistance Interest / Utility: 0 % 0 % 50 % 50 % 100 % 100 % Question) Could be [example of driving aid] interesting for you ?

5. Method: Example of Individual Grid

6. Method: Investigated Topics(125 items) • Sub-components of the driving task (90 items) • Navigation : route planning and trip following (16 items) • Speed control and speed limits respect (42 items) • Intersection crossing (16 items) • Highway Insertion and Lane Changemanoeuvres (16 items) • For each of these topics : • Difficulties:they met when they drive their own car • Aid Needs: Uses (if existing) or Wishes (regarding future driving aids) • Interactions with other Road Users (20 items) • Problems when interacting with specific sub-groups of other RU (6 main groups: Motorcycles, Bicycles, other Cars, Trucks, Bus, Pedestrians) • Aggressive behaviours from others and their Context of Occurrence • Vehicle Automation : Utility and Acceptance (15 items)

7. Participants • Number: 30 Older drivers • Gender: 15 Women and 15 Men • Age: from 70 to 85 years old (Mean of 75 yo) • Coming from a Representative Sample of 76 Olderdrivers of the Rhône area • All of them have previously participated to a driving experiment on open road (IFSTTAR Car) • 6 Focus Group Sessions were organized (in mean: 5 participants / session)

8. Preliminary Results for some driving sub-tasks • Difficulties, Errors and Needs • Driving Aid Uses or Expectations • Women versus Men Differences • (if statistically significant, t-student test; p <0.05)

9. NAVIGATION : Difficulties and Aids Uses/Expectations • Difficulties to perform the Navigation Task (without aid) : • Easy for Familiar Trip (5%), more difficult for Unfamiliar Route (34%) • Some difficulties to Find (34%) and then Read (33%) road signs • Adaptive strategies: large part of them prepare their trip if they have to use an unfamiliar Route (From Maps or via-Michelin/Mappy) • Driving Aid Uses and Expectations : • 69% of the participants have a Driving Aid for Navigation • They frequently use it(41%), also for familiar trip • They are highly interested by Future Navigation Systems based-on Head-Up Display (72%) or Augmented Reality (75%) • Women versus Men differences: • Significant differences for “trust in Nav. Aids” and “Self-Confidence”

10. Women-Men comparison for Navigation: “Trust in driving Aids” & “Self-Confidence” Trust in Navigation Aids Self-Confidence for Nav. MEN WOMEN (significant lowest values)

11. Speed Control and Regulation: • Difficulties and Expectations

12. Speed Control: Difficulties (without using any Driving Aid) => Highly concerned while driving (76%) Attitude Speed Violations (If occurring) Main Difficulties Would like to Respect Speed Limits Deliberate Involuntary To Know the current speed limit To monitor their Car Velocity

13. Speed Control: Difficulties / Context • (without using any Driving Aid) Rural Change70-90 Highway Change130-110 Urban 50 Km/H Rural90 km/h UrbanHighway90 Km/H Highway130 Km/H Urban 30 Km/H

14. Speed Control Aids: Utility Assessment Information Systems (IVIS) Active Systems (ADAS) InformationSystem WarningSystem Adaptive Cruise Control SpeedLimiter Cruise Control

15. Speed Regulation:Women versus Men Comparisons => Not any significant Difference

16. Intersection Crossing: • Difficulties and Expectations

17. Intersections : Difficulties to cross When having priority When don’t have priority To identifyPriority Rules To implement Manoeuvres

18. Intersections Difficulties : Turn Leftat Crossroads To Assess Others’ Distance To Perceive Other Vehicles To Assess Others’ Speed

19. Difficulties to cross Intersections : Men-WomenDifferences All types of Intersections Left Turn at Crossroads MEN WOMEN (Significant Highest Values)

20. Driving Aids at Intersections : “Left Turn” Support Systems - Distance - Vitesse Croisement dans 10 sec PERCEPTION Support GAP ASSESSMENT Support RISK DETECTION Support BIP

21. Intersections Aids: • Perceived utility Gap Assessment Support Perception Support Risk DetectionSupport

22. MEN–WOMEN Comparisons: Aid to turn left at Crossroads But not any significant difference WOMEN MEN Perception Support Gap Assessment Support Risk DetectionSupport

23. Interactions with Other Road Users

24. Interactions with Other Road Users: Difficulties REF. Value Motorcycles Bicycles Pedestrians Trucks Buses Other Cars

25. Interactions with Other Road Users: Women-Men differences Motorcycles Bicycles Pedestrians Trucks Bus Other Cars MEN WOMEN(Significant Highest Values)

26. Vehicle automation: Acceptance and Perceived Utility Assessment

27. Vehicle Automation : Acceptance and Perceived Utility Overall Acceptance Vehicle Automation Principle Automatic Gear Box (Utility) Automatic Parking (Utility) Fully Automated Car (Utility) Automatic Lane Keeping (U)

28. CONCLUSION • Navigation: • Difficulties: Highest when Olders have to drive on Unfamiliar Routes • Aid : High equipment rate, Frequent Use of GPS, Highlyinterested by advanced Interfaces (HUD and Augmented Reality) • W/M: Lowest values given by Women for Trust GPS & Self-Confidence • Speed Control: • Attitude : Older drivers Would like to respect speed limits, and it is one of their mainconcern when driving • Difficulties to respect speed limits in Urban area (30 km/h zones), to be sure of the current speed limit in road sections with freq. changes • Aid: Frequent Use by 1/3 of them and/or highInterest for driving aids • Intersection: • Difficulties: to identify priority rules & turn left at a Crossroads • Aid: Utility of driving aids is well perceived (more particularly for Turn Left) • W/M: Significantly assessed as more difficult byWomen (=LC & Insertion) • Vehicle Automation: • Good Acceptanceof the principle, even if IVIS seems prefered • Perceived as a way to Increase Safetyand to Preserve their Mobility

29. Thank you for your attention