Globalization and Technical Standards

1. By: Wilmer Arellano Globalization and Technical Standards

2. Overview • References • Successful Design • Trade Impact of Standards • World Trade Organization (WTO) • Standards • Types of Standards • Standardizing Bodies • Why Getting Involved? • Assignments

3. Successful Design • Designing a successful product involves more than providing the best technical solution, it involves: • Meeting the needs of the Client • Meeting the needs of the Market • Having global acceptance • Minimizing the barriers to trade

4. Globalization in the Proposal

5. FIU Senior I Standards Example • ISO 18000 • This is a series of international standards that are used for air interface protocol in RFID systems. This standard is not concerned with the actual data being transmitted or the physical structure of the tags and readers. • We will be incorporating ISO 18000-3 which corresponds to communication at a frequency13.56 MHz. The scope of this standard is to provide Physical Layer, Anti-Collision and Protocol Values for RFID Systems operating at this frequency. There are two MODES to operate in, both which require a license from the owner of the intellectual property. Mode 1 is based on ISO 15693, vicinity cards standard, but with some variations. It requires that the interrogator to tag data rate be 1.65 kbps or 26.48 kbps. Mode 2 is for high speed interface which allows the data rate to be 423.75 kbps. For this project Mode 1 will be used. • FIU Senior Design I Spring 2005 • S Farid Hosseini, Silfredo Ciprian, Mahmoud Abu-Hantash, • See Standard Reference 1 and 2 for more examples

6. Some Easy to Use Standards • Some standards require symbols to be attached to the products. • Depending on the particular industry sector, symbols to indicate the same idea, may differ. Please look in industry related sources.

7. Some Easy to Use Standards • Please do not limit your project to this two examples. • FCC Rules, Section 15.5 • (b) Operation of an intentional, unintentional, or incidental radiator is subject to the conditions that no harmful interference is caused and that interference must be accepted that may be caused by the operation of an authorized radio station, by another intentional or unintentional radiator, by industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) equipment, or by an incidental radiator. • ISO 690-2 standard refers how to write electronic references and basically it is what IEEE uses and also what we use.

8. What you should include. • FCC and ISO example if they apply to your project • Two or three standards relating directly to your project from industry related sources. Graphic symbols alone are not enough, we are looking for standards that impose design constraints. • Don’t forget to include any common standards as TCPIP, RS232, VGA, Symbols, etc.

9. World Trade Organization (WTO) • The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. • Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as • smoothly, • predictably and • freely as possible.

10. WTO rules • Most-favored-nation (MFN): treating other people equally • Under the WTO agreements, countries cannot normally discriminate between their trading partners. • National treatment: • Treating foreigners and locals equally • Predictability: through binding and transparency • Sometimes, promising not to raise a trade barrier can be as important as lowering one, because the promise gives businesses a clearer view of their future opportunities.

11. WTO rules • Freer trade: gradually, through negotiation • Lowering trade barriers is one of the most obvious means of encouraging trade. • The barriers concerned include customs duties (or tariffs) and measures such as import bans or quotas that restrict quantities selectively.

12. Technical Barriers to Trade • The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade tries to ensure that regulations, standards, testing and certification procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles.

13. Standards • What Are Standards? • Informally, any agreement on how something is done, made, or used can be considered a standard. • Standards are so much a part of our daily routine that we use them without even being aware of doing so. • Next time you make a telephone call, listen to the tones on the handset: the dial tone, the dialing tones (multi-frequency/MF signaling) and the ring-back signals. • These are all implemented in compliance with existing standards

14. Standards http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_road • Standards have existed for thousands of years, • for example, the first long distance roads in Europe were built by Imperial Rome for the benefit of their legions. • The ruts created by the Roman chariots were then used by all other wagons and later became a gauge for laying the first railroad lines (1.44m)

15. Trade Impact of Standards • When selling products to a foreign country, if the goods do not comply with required standards, they might not be able to enter that country. • Starting on the 1st of August 2003, exported products to the People's Republic of China without CCC mark may be held at the border by Chinese Customs and subject to other penalties. • China Compulsory Certification mark • products related to human life and health, animals, plants, environmental protection and national security.

16. Trade Impact of Standards • Benefits of standardization and standards • The impact of standards can be felt around the globe as they affect world trade, ensure public safety and drive market developments. Worldwide, there are well over half a million published standards. Further, approximately, $1.5 (US) billion is invested globally each year in the creation and management of standards http://www.thinkstandards.net/benefits.html • In 1999, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development published a report which estimated that: • more than 80 percent of global product trade equivalent to at least $4 trillion and • at least $200 billion in transatlantic trade is affected by standards and technical regulations.

17. What if there were no standards? • Properties of products specific to their manufacturer. i.e. Tire size and shape • Education and Business. i.e. Different levels of progress • International Trade. i.e. Freight container dimensions

18. Types of Standards • National standard • Regional standard • International standard (IS

19. Types of Standards • Non Proprietary Standards • There are three basic types: • De Facto Standards • De Jure (Mandatory) Standards • Voluntary Consensus Standard (Open) Standards

20. Types of Standards • De Facto. Standards that have come into use by general acceptance, custom or convention but have no formal recognition. • Not approved by a standardizing body • Widely used procedure • Dominant use i.e. The alphabet, PFD format, QWERTY keyboard layout

21. Types of Standards • Adobe has announced plans to submit its Portable Document Format specification to the Enterprise Content Management Association (AIIM) with the intent of having the PDF format approved by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as an open standard. • First launched in 1993, the PDF has since become a de facto standard for cross-platform document exchange. • http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070129-8724.html Published: January 29, 2007

22. Types of Standards • DE JURE (Mandatory) Standards: Incorporated into laws or technical regulations for the protection of public health, safety, and the environment; or when incorporated into contractual agreements, between buyers and sellers. • Approved by a standardizing body. • Are compulsory. i.e. FCC Rules.

23. Types of Standards • Voluntary Consensus (Open) Standards: The term "voluntary" distinguishes the standards development process from governmental or regulatory processes. All interested stakeholders participate, including producers, users, consumers, and representatives of government and academia. • Global System for Mobile communications (GSM ) • 802.11

24. Voluntary Consensus (Open) Standards • Consensus: All agreements are reached by agreement by all participants. • Openness: All meetings and decision are carried out in the open. • Balance: All sectors may participate, manufacturers, providers and end users. • Due Process: Any person has a right to: • (c) appeal if adversely affected.

25. Standardizing Bodies • Organizations that: • Develop new standards. • Maintain existing standards. • Influence locally and internationally.

26. International Standardizing Bodies • IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). Covers electro technology and related conformity assessment, • ITU (International Telecommunication Union). Covers telecommunications and • ISO (International Organization for Standardization) Covers nearly all other technical fields, a number of service sectors, management systems and conformity assessment. • Cooperation is needed so standards fit together seamlessly and complement each other. • These organizations have a strategic partnership with WTO

27. International Standardizing Bodies ITU • ITU is the United Nations specialized agency for Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) • “We allocate global radio spectrum and satellite orbits, develop the technical standards that ensure networks and technologies seamlessly interconnect, and strive to improve access to ICTs to underserved communities worldwide.” • http://www.itu.int/en/about/Pages/default.aspx

28. Example of US IUT Delegation • Ambassador Philip L. Verveer, U.S. Coordinator for International Communications and Information Policy, is leading the U.S. delegation to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 2010 Plenipotentiary Conference, which takes place from October 4-22 in Guadalajara, Mexico. • Other members of the U.S. delegation include • Federal Communications Commission Chairman Julius Genachowski, • Special Assistant to the President and White House Cybersecurity Coordinator Howard A. Schmidt, and • senior representatives from the National Telecommunications and Information Administration, • the Department of Defense, and the • National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

29. National Standardizing Bodies ANSI • The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is the voice of the U.S. standards and conformity assessment system, • ANSI empowers its members and constituents to strengthen the U.S. marketplace position in the global economy while • helping to assure the safety and health of consumers and the protection of the environment.

30. National Standardizing Bodies ANSI • ANSI facilitates the development of American National Standards (ANS) by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organizations (SDOs). e.g., (Accreditation meaning meeting the Institute’s essential requirements for openness, balance, consensus and due process) • IEEE, • INCITS (International Committee for Information Technology ), • TIA Telecommunication Industry Association), and • ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions ). • Federal Communications Commission. (FCC) • Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL)

31. Certification • To facilitate trade organizations as IEC and others have implemented worldwide certification schemes for electrical equipment, primarily intended for use in homes, offices, workshops, healthcare facilities and similar locations. • An international Scheme is operated by the IECEE (IEC System for Conformity testing and Certification of Electrical Equipment), known as the CB Scheme. • The Scheme is intended to reduce obstacles to international trade which arise from having to meet different national certification or approval criteria.  • Participation of the various NCBs (National Certification Bodies) within the Scheme is intended to facilitate certification or approval according to IEC standards.  • The CB Scheme is based on the use of CB Test Certificates which provide evidence that representative specimens of the product have successfully passed tests to show compliance with the requirements of the relevant IEC standard.

32. Certification • UL has gained full acceptance by the IECEE as a National Certification Body for the following Standards: • IEC 65 for Household Audio/Video Equipment • IEC 601 for Medical Electrical Equipment • IEC 730 for Automatic Electrical Controls • IEC 745 for Hand-Held Electric Tools • IEC 950 for information Technology and Business Equipment • IEC 1010 for Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control and Laboratory Use

33. Why Getting Involved? • “Without IEC standards, we cannot work.” (Kamal Gad, Chairman, ABB (Egypt)) • “Standards today are a powerful tool both to promote and potentially to inhibit trade amongst nations, and companies that wish to survive must actively participate at all levels in the standards development process.” (Circuit Breakers Industries (South Africa)) • “It ‘would be a catastrophe’ if Imetec were not involved directly in helping to develop standards because we would be operating without knowledge of the future.” (Arturo Morgandi, R&D Manager, Imetec (Italy))

34. Why Getting Involved? • “If you control an industry’s standards, you control that industry lock, stock, and ledger” [“Out of the Crisis,” W. Edwards Deming, Published by the Center for Advanced Engineering Study, MIT (1986)]

35. Why some people don’t like the WTO • Some people consider that the WTO causes more harms than benefits. • The bottom line is that the 134 member countries of the WTO are under incredible pressure from companies whose operations span the globe. Their goal is to ensure that the WTO toes the corporate bottom line: profit. • In the Third World, the accelerating global economy and "free trade" schemes like WTO and NAFTA have meant the destruction of traditional ways of life and the rape of natural resources, and multinational companies and tiny local elites enrich themselves at the expense of the great masses of the displaced poor. As these former peasants and artisans flock in desperation to the filthy slums and sweatshops of urban "free trade zones" such as the Maquiladora in Mexico, the fat cats have the gall to tout the "opportunities" they are "offering" to the people • Our point of view is to create successful design with no barriers to trade an that requires complying with standards. WTO has influence in the world of standards and that is why me need to know about it. • The WTO as any other international organization can be perfected but that requires involvements and dedication. • http://www.afn.org/~iguana/archives/2000_01/20000101.html

36. Rerview • References • Successful Design • Trade Impact of Standards • World Trade Organization (WTO) • Standards • Types of Standards • Standardizing Bodies • Why Getting Involved? • Assignments

37. & Questions Answers