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Chapter 11 & 12. Part 2 . Immigration. Immigration to the United States increased between 1840 and 1860 . 1.5 million Irish immigrants arrived in the United States, mainly in the Northeast. Immigration.
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Chapter 11 & 12 Part 2
Immigration • Immigration to the United States increased between 1840 and 1860. • 1.5 million Irish immigrants arrived in the United States, mainly in the Northeast.
Immigration • Many Irish immigrants came to the United States to escape the potato famine in Ireland. • Famine: widespread starvation. • While many of these Irish immigrants were farmers, they could not afford land. • Many were forced to accept low paying jobs in northern factories.
Conflict • Many people in the United States opposed immigration. • Nativists: white, American born protestants who opposed immigration. • Nativists were angry that many immigrants would work for a lower wage, thus taking jobs in cities. • Many nativists accused immigrants of bringing crime and disease to American cities.
Discrimination • Although slavery was abolished in Northern states by the early 1800’s, African Americans faced discrimination in the North. • African American found it difficult to get jobs in factories or skilled trades. • In addition, segregation (separation by race) existed in nearly every aspect of Northern public life.
Rise in Agriculture • In the late 1700’s slavery was on the decline in the south. • But Eli Whitney’s 1793 invention singlehandedly saves the institution of slavery. • As the need for cotton increased so did the need for slave labor.
Slavery • The Deep South (Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana) primarily grew cotton. • “King Cotton” led to development of huge, sprawling plantations.
Slavery • Southerners believed slavery was needed for the southern economy to thrive. • Plantation owners considered the number of slaves they owned as part of their wealth.
Slavery • In 1831 a slave named Nat Turner led a revolt in Virginia killing 55 whites. • This revolt led to the creation of various slave codes. • Slave Codes: laws that controlled every aspect of a slaves life.
Slavery Examples of slave codes include: • Slaves could not be taught how to read or write. • Slaves could not leave the plantation without the owner’s permission. • Slaves could not assemble without a white person present. • Slave owners could abolish marriages between slaves and separate families. • Slaves could be punished by lashing.
Slavery • Slaves actually had a variety of jobs on the plantations. • Some slaves worked in the house cooking and cleaning. • Other African Americans were trained blacksmiths, carpenters, shoemakers and weavers. • Most enslaved African Americans, however, were field hands supervised by an overseer.
Slavery • The more cotton the south grew the more southern planters depended on slave labor. • With the United States expanding West, would slavery expand as well?
Moving West • The United States had a need for good roads to make travel easier and more efficient. • Private companies began constructing turnpikes, or toll roads. • Travelers would pay a fee which was used to help pay for the construction of the roads.
Moving West • The alternative to traveling by land was by river. • Traveling by river had two major problems: • Most rivers in the eastern United States flowed north to south, unfortunately, many people wanted to travel east to west. • Traveling against the current was extremely difficult.
Moving West • Canal: a man made waterway • The Erie Canal would link New York City to the Great Lakes.
Slavery Expands West • The most serious issue that plagued the U.S. during the first half of the 1800’s was the expansion of slavery. • In 1819 the United States had 11 free states and 11 slave states. • In 1820, Missouri wanted to become a state which caused huge debate.
Compromise • In 1820, the South wanted Missouri admitted into the Union as a slave state. • Northerners wanted Missouri to be a free state. • Henry Clay helped work out a compromise between this North and South debate. • This plan became known as The Missouri Compromise.
Compromise • The Missouri Compromise: • Missouri would be admitted as a slave state and Maine would be a free state. • The agreement banned slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory (north of the 36 30’ parallel).
Abolition Movement • By 1804, Northern states had ended slavery within their borders. • Many people searched for the end of the institution of slavery.
William Lloyd Garrison • Quaker • Wrote the abolitionist newspaper “Liberator” • Favored full political rights for African Americans
Frederick Douglass • Escapes slavery by running away to the north • Outspoken against slavery • Dangerous • Becomes one of the most famous orators of all time.
Harriet Tubman • Former slave • Conductor on the Underground Railroad • Helps over 300 people escape slavery • “Black Moses” • $40,000 reward for her capture
Underground Railroad • A network of safe houses for escaped slaves.
