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Blood: The River of Life

Blood: The River of Life. List the components of the cardiovascular system and explain the major functions of this system. Describe the important components and major functions of the blood List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells.

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Blood: The River of Life

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  1. Blood: The River of Life

  2. List the components of the cardiovascular system and explain the major functions of this system. Describe the important components and major functions of the blood List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells. Describe the structure of hemoglobin and indicate its functions. Discuss red blood cell production and maturation.

  3. Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities. Categorize the various white blood cells on the basis of structure and function. Describe the structure, function and production of platelets. Describe the reaction sequences responsible for blood clotting.

  4. Provides a mechanism for rapid transport of nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases and cells The cardiovascular system

  5. Fluid connective tissue Functions Transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes Regulating pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids Restricting fluid loss at injury sites Defending the body against toxins and pathogens Regulating body temperature by absorbing and redistributing heat Blood

  6. The composition of blood Plasma and formed elements comprise whole blood Red blood cells (RBC) White blood cells (WBC) Platelets Can fractionate whole blood for analytical or clinical purposes

  7. The Composition of Whole Blood Figure 19.1c

  8. The Composition of Whole Blood Figure 19.1b

  9. Review: List, by %, the components of blood. In 1 L of Blood: How much plasma? How much RBC? WBC? Platelets

  10. Accounts for 46-63% of blood volume 92% of plasma is water Higher concentration of dissolved oxygen and dissolved proteins than interstitial fluid Plasma

  11. more than 90% are synthesized in the liver Albumins 60% of plasma proteins Responsible for viscosity and osmotic pressure of blood Plasma proteins

  12. Globulins ~35% of plasma proteins Include immunoglobins which attack foreign proteins and pathogens Include transport globulins which bind ions, hormones and other compounds Fibrinogen Converted to fibrin during clotting Removal of fibrinogen leaves serum

  13. Gamma Globulin Shots: temporarily boost for immunity against disease Why Usually given to patients exposed to Hepatitis A? Hep A vaccine now developed

  14. Red Blood Cells

  15. Artery Vein

  16. The Anatomy of Red Blood Cells Figure 19.2

  17. Erythrocytes account for slightly less than half the blood volume, and 99.9% of the formed elements Hematocrit measures the percentage of whole blood occupied by formed elements Commonly referred to as the volume of packed red cells Abundance of RBCs

  18. Biconcave disc, providing a large surface to volume ration Shape allows RBCs to stack, bend and flex RBCs lack organelles Typically degenerate in about 120 days. Structure of RBCs

  19. “Sickling” in Red Blood Cells Figure 19.4

  20. In certain parts of Africa today, the frequency of the mutant gene for sickle-cell (HbS) is very high (5-20%) as shown in the distribution map below: malaria, caused by the protozoan Plasmodium falciparum

  21. 3 million new blood cells entering the circulation per second. Components of hemoglobin individually recycled Heme stripped of iron and converted to biliverdin, then bilirubin Iron is recycled by being stored in phagocytes, or transported throughout the blood stream bound to transferrin RBC life span and circulation

  22. The Structure of Hemoglobin Figure 19.3

  23. White Blood Cells Figure 19.11

  24. Have nuclei and other organelles Defend the body against pathogens Remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells Are capable of amoeboid movement (margination) and positive chemotaxis Some are capable of phagocytosis Leukocytes-WBC

  25. Granular leukocytes Neutrophils – 50 to 70 % total WBC population- phagocytize bacteria Eosinophils – phagocytes attracted to foreign compounds that have reacted with antibodies- worms/allergy/asthma Basophils – migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine and heparin- inflamation response Types of WBC

  26. Agranular leukocytes Monocytes - become macrophage Lymphocytes – includes T cells, B cells, and NK cells- immune response Types of WBC

  27. Exercise 29A Activity 2 Activity 7 Review Sheet 29A Composition of Blood Hematologic Tests

  28. Stages of RBC Maturation Figure 19.6

  29. Erythropoeisis = the formation of new red blood cells Occurs in red bone marrow Process speeds up with in the presence of EPO (Erythropoeisis stimulating hormone) RBCs pass through reticulocyte and erythroblast stages RBC Production

  30. Red Blood Cell Turnover Figure 19.5

  31. Determined by the presence or absence of surface antigens (agglutinogens) Antigens A, B and Rh (D) Antibodies in the plasma (agglutinins) Cross-reactions occur when antigens meet antibodies Blood types

  32. Blood Typing & Cross-Reactions Figure 19.8

  33. Rh Factors and Pregnancy Figure 19.10

  34. Indicates a number of disorders Leukemia = inordinate number of leukocytes Differential counts-Blood Tests

  35. Platelets

  36. Flattened discs Circulate for 9-12 days before being removed by phagocytes Platelets

  37. Transporting chemicals important to clotting Forming temporary patch in walls of damaged blood vessels Contracting after a clot has formed Platelet functions

  38. Megakaryocytes release platelets into circulating blood Rate of platelet formation is stimulated by thrombopoietin, thrombocyte-stimulating factor, interleukin-6, and Multi-CSF Platelet production (thrombocytopoiesis)

  39. HemostasisStoppage of Blood Flow

  40. Hemostasis Prevents the loss of blood through vessel walls Three phases – Vascular phase Platelet phase Coagulation phase

  41. Hemostasis Vascular phase Local blood vessel constriction (vascular spasm) Platelet phase Platelets are activated, aggregate at the site, adhere to the damaged surfaces

  42. The Vascular and Platelet Phases of Hemostasis http://heart-disease.emedtv.com/blood-clots-video/how-does-blood-clot-video.html Figure 19.13

  43. Coagulation phase Factors released by platelets and endothelial cells interact with clotting factors to form a clot Extrinsic pathway Intrinsic pathway Common pathway Suspended fibrinogen is converted to large insoluble fibrin fibers

  44. The Coagulation Phase of Hemostasis Figure 19.14a

  45. The Coagulation Phase of Hemostasis Figure 19.14b

  46. Clot retraction Final phase of healing Platelets contract and pull the edges of the vessel together

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