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Chapter Goals

Chapter Goals. Discuss the development of automated computing Describe the general capabilities of a computer Describe computer system components and their functions List computer system classes and their distinguishing characteristics

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Chapter Goals

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  1. Chapter Goals • Discuss the development of automated computing • Describe the general capabilities of a computer • Describe computer system components and their functions • List computer system classes and their distinguishing characteristics • Define the role and function of application and system software Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  2. Chapter Goals (continued) • Describe the economic role of system and application development software • Describe the components and functions of computer networks Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  3. Systems Architecture • Describes structure, interaction, and technology of computer system components • Capabilities of a computer • Accept numeric inputs • Perform computational functions • Communicate results Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  4. Automated Computation • Mechanical • Early computers with limited capabilities • Electronic • Fast, accurate reliable • Optical • Fast, accurate reliable Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  5. Mechanical Implementation • Mechanical representation of a mathematical calculation • Difference engine - Charles Babbage, 1821 • Limitations and shortcomings • Complex design and construction • Wear, breakdown, and maintenance of parts • Limits on operating speed Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  6. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  7. Electronic Implementation • Stores numerical values as magnetic charges or by positioning electrical switches • Can convert physical movement into electrical signals, or vice versa • World War II – impetus for change • Faster, more reliable, easier to build than mechanical counterparts Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  8. Optical Implementation • Harnesses energy of a moving photon • Represents data as pulses of light stored directly or indirectly by materials that reflect or don’t reflect light • Now common in computer networks that cover large distances Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  9. Computer Capabilities • Processing • Storage • Communication Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  10. Processor • Device that performs data manipulation and transformation functions • Computation • Comparison • Data movement among memory, mass storage, and input/output devices Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  11. Processor Terminology • Instructions • Programs • General-purpose and special-purpose processors • Formulas and algorithms • Comparisons and branching Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  12. Storage Capacity • Types of information to be stored • Intermediate processing results • Data • Programs • Characteristics of storage devices vary widely • Cost • Access speed • Reliability Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  13. Input/Output Capability • Must encompass many communication modes • Sound, text, and graphics (for humans) • Electronic or optical communication (for other computers) Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  14. Computer Hardware Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  15. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  16. Central Processing Unit • General-purpose processor • Executes all instructions (computation and comparison functions) • Directs all data movement Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  17. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  18. CPU Components Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  19. System Bus • Internal communication channel that connects all other hardware devices • Primary pathway for moving data and instructions among hardware components • Capacity is critical to performance, secondary storage, and I/O device performance Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  20. Primary Storage(Main Memory) • Holds program instructions and data for currently executing programs • Implemented with random access memory (RAM) • Provides access speed and allows CPU to read or write to specific memory locations • Volatile; does not provide permanent storage Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  21. Secondary Storage • Composed of high-capacity nonvolatile storage devices that hold: • Programs not currently being executed • Data not needed by currently executing programs • Data needed by currently executing programs that does not fit within available primary storage Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  22. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  23. Input/Output Devices • Implement external communication functions • Human-oriented communication devices(e.g., keyboard, mouse, printer) • Computer-oriented communication devices(e.g., modem, network interface unit) Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  24. Computer System Classes Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  25. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  26. Multicomputer Configurations • Any organization of multiple computers to support a specific set of services or applications • Common configurations • Cluster • Blade • Grid Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  27. Cluster • Group of similar or identical computers that cooperate to provide services or execute a common application • Connected by high-speed network • Typically located close to one another • Advantages: scalability and fault tolerance • Disadvantages: complex configuration and administration Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  28. Blade • Circuit board that contains most of a server computer; a specialized cluster • Same advantages and disadvantages as a cluster, but also: • Concentrate more computing power in less space • Are simpler to modify Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  29. Grid • Group of dissimilar computer systems, connected by high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or execute a common application • Computers may be in separate rooms, buildings, or continents • Computers work cooperatively at some times, independently at others Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  30. Bigger Isn’t Always Better • Grosch’s Law (1952) has been rewritten due to: • Multiple classes of computers • Expanded abilities to configure computers for specific purposes • Increased software costs relative to hardware costs • Large computer databases • Widespread adoption of graphical user interfaces • Multicomputer configurations Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  31. The Role of Software • Translates user requests into machine instructions • Performs complex translation process that bridges two gaps • Human language to machine language (binary) • High-level abstraction to low-level detail Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  32. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  33. Software Types Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  34. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  35. System Software Layers • System management • System services • Resource allocation • Hardware interface Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  36. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  37. Operating Systems • Most important system software component • Collection of utility programs that provides: • Administrative utilities • Utility services to application programs • Resource allocation functions • Direct control over hardware Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  38. Operating System Functions • Program storage, loading, and execution • File manipulation and access • Secondary storage management • Network and interactive user interfaces Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  39. Application Development Software • Programs used to develop other programs • Types • Program translators • Program editors • Debugging tools • System development tools Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  40. Economics of System and Application Development Software • System software consumes hardware resources • Cost per unit of computing power has rapidly decreased • Software is more cost-effective when reused many times Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  41. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  42. Computer Networks • Set of hardware and software components that enable multiple users and computer systems to share information, software, and hardware resources • Enables many types of personal communication Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  43. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  44. External Resources • Ability to share data, programs, and hardware resources among computers • Gives modern organizations flexibility to deploy and redeploy computing and information resources to satisfy rapidly changing needs Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  45. Network Software • Finds requested resources on the network • Negotiates resource access with distant resource allocation software • Receives and delivers resources to requesting user or program • May also listen for and validate resource requests, and deliver resources via the network Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  46. Network Communication and the Physical Network • Network communication devices • Simpler than I/O devices; do not need to convert data represented electronically into another form • Must support communication at high speeds • Physical network • Complex combination of communication protocols, methods of data transmission, and network hardware devices Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  47. Summary • Basic elements of computer system architecture • Hardware • Software • Networks • Importance of knowing how all components of a computer system interrelate as well as their internal workings Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

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