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Operant Conditioning

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wT0pTNONyQ OC & CC in the military 27 min. Operant Conditioning. “Learning by Consequences” Aka The Law of Effect. Psychologists most associated w/ operant conditioning =. Edward Thorndike; John B. Watson; B.F. Skinner

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Operant Conditioning

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  1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wT0pTNONyQ OC & CC in the military 27 min Operant Conditioning “Learning by Consequences” Aka The Law of Effect

  2. Psychologists most associated w/ operant conditioning = Edward Thorndike; John B. Watson; B.F. Skinner http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-RS80DVvrg&feature=watch-vrec “If the environment rewards us when we perform certain acts, then we tend to repeat them.”

  3. Bedrock principle of operant conditioning: • Voluntary behavior becomes more or less likely depending on its consequences

  4. 3 types of consequences are possible: • Neutral consequence:neither increases nor decreases the chances that a behavior will occur again (e.g. door handle squeaks? No biggie—you’ll probably still turn that door handle in the future) 2) Reinforcement:increases the chances of a behavior occurring again 3) Punishment:decreases the chances that a behavior will occur again

  5. What are reinforcers? Primary Reinforcers: satisfy a biological need e.g. food, H2O, touch, comfy air temp. Secondary Reinforcers: most of us are not in a deprived state (where primary reinforcers would actually work), so these work pretty well too; $$$, praise, , applause, good grades, awards, privileges, etc.

  6. What are punishers? Primary Punishers: inherently (naturally) punishing; e.g. pain, extreme heat Secondary Punishers: unpleasant, but not evil; Criticism, , detention, scolding, bad grades, angry gestures

  7. From this point henceforth: CLEAR YOUR BRAIN OF ALL PREVIOUSLY KNOWN DEFINITIONS OF “POSITIVE” AND “NEGATIVE”. THEY WILL HAVE NEW MEANING FROM NOW ON (WELL, AT LEAST TIL THE FINAL EXAM ANYWAY! )

  8. Positive = + Positive means a stimulus is PRESENTED (or ADDED or INCREASED) 1+1=2 2+2=4

  9. Negative = - Negative means a stimulus is REMOVED (or TAKEN AWAY or DECREASED) 1-1=0 2-1=1

  10. REINFORCEMENT Increases the chance that a behavior or response will occur again

  11. PUNISHMENT Decreases the chance that a behavior or response will occur again

  12. Positive Reinforcement • A pleasant stimulus is added to increase a behavior

  13. Negative Reinforcement • An unpleasant stimulus is removed to increase a behavior

  14. Positive Punishment • An unpleasant stimulus is presented to decrease a behavior

  15. Negative Punishment • A pleasant stimulus is removed to decrease a behavior

  16. Each Group • 10 examples of each principle • Choose your best 3 for each • Put them up on posters

  17. NOW LET’S PUT IT ALL TOGETHER… Positive Reinforcement: a pleasant stimulus is presented/added to increase the likelihood of a behavior/response Examples: “A” on your test after studying increases chances of studying in the future. Tell Sarah she looks pretty and she’ll probably want to talk to you again. Come home by curfew and they’ll let you go out with that boy again next weekend.

  18. Positive Reinforcement • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGazyH6fQQ4&feature=related Skinner pigeons reinforced for winning ping pong shots • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teLoNYvOf90 Big Bang Theory Sheldon Conditions Penny using positive reinforcement and incorrect use of term—see if you can find it!  • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vylUvBnytRk train dog to stop barking (cc’d!!!)

  19. Positive reinforcement please!!!!

  20. PRACTICE QUIZ • What does positive mean? • What does negative mean? • What does reinforcement mean? • What does punishment mean?

  21. Negative Reinforcement: an unpleasant stimulus is removed/taken away/decreased & increases the likelihood of a behavior/response Examples:*Tori gets what she wants when she whines, so she just pulls that garbage whenever her parents say “no”.*Pay bills on time to avoid late fees.*You take Advil every time you get a headache.*Every time you get emotionally close to someone, you distance yourself to avoid that (feared) situation. (applies to all “escape behaviors”)*You CAN’T STAND to hear your mother nag! So you clean your room before she can open that mouth!*You wear your seatbelt to stop that annoying buzzer from going off. * Military recruits learn to do things right FAST to avoid getting yelled at by the drill instructor. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQtpRjBLXic&feature=related Fake crying

  22. Operant Conditioning in Advertising • Ads often show people receiving reinforcement--enjoying a pleasant stimulus or avoiding an unpleasant stimulus! • “If…then… contingency”: some realistic, some not so much! If I use this body wash, beautiful people will fall all over me!

  23. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzGv7nWWkDw Panda Cheese commercials—negative reinforcement in advertising Avoid the Panda, buy the cheese!!! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9tv_zM-G84&feature=related Increase voluntary behavior of condom use and avoid dealing with a kid like this! Also, if dad had given in to stop the hissy fit, he’d be negatively reinforcing the fit!

  24. Calvin’s perspective = positive reinforcement: if pleasant stimulus is presented (chocolate chips), the behavior (pathetic begging) is likely to repeat or continue Mom’s perspective = negative reinforcement: if unpleasant stimulus (pathetic begging) is removed (by giving chocolate chips), the behavior (pathetic begging) Is likely to repeat or continue

  25. Punishment! Positive Punishment: an unpleasant stimulus is presented/added & decreases likelihood that behavior/response will occur again Examples: Harry pukes all night after a drinking binge; he’ll never drink that much again! Chris is hit with “the belt” after lying to her father. Mel binge-watched Netflix instead of studying and failed the chemistry test.

  26. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSvAS6kgiBY&feature=related tube wipeout http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKvXyN_t7UA T-mobile commercial http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lscd62ZLMGw Top 10 worst American Idol auditions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xx8cCDthsuk there’s no crying in baseball • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBFFWhivWVI AFV • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xoFEVpW8-Hw&feature=related Wipeout Top 100 Fails http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zWB4dLYChM Unpleasant stimulus will result after smoking, so don’t or quit now

  27. Positive Punishment:unpleasant stimulus (mauled!/drenched!) presented & will decrease likelihood of that behavior (rubbing his tummy/using water fountain)

  28. Practice Quiz • What does positive mean? • What does negative mean? • What does reinforcement mean? • What does punishment mean? Label the examples: 5) You clean your room so your mother won’t drive you crazy with her nagging. 6) If you clean your room, your mother will take you to Dairy Queen. 7) If you mouth off to your mother about cleaning your room, she’ll hit you with a spoon. 8) Your Xbox is taken away because you didn’t clean your room.

  29. NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT A pleasant stimulus is removed & decreases the likelihood that a behavior/response will occur again. Examples: • Shaint’s cell phone was taken away after he ran up a $3,000 bill. • Your girlfriend won’t talk to you because you called her your ex-girlfriend’s name. • Len stole from his job and was fired. • You stop investing money in the stock market after losing money.

  30. Negative punishment examples • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODS8FHGlYqs kitten uses operant conditioning (negative punishment) on collie NO SOUP FOR YOU!!!!! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVqBzP0xdKk

  31. Review http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHFt_nDVl-A The Andersons examples of OC—with “quizzes” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqT_dPApj9U Coke Happiness Machine • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PztO-OvzRyg Jesse useful dog tricks 3 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1edDfzluXE&NR=1m cat using toilet • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5dxjzAfExiU they can do #2 too

  32. Practice Quiz #2! +R, -R, +P, -P? • “The best part of going to the beach is getting away from all the stress of school and work.” If this is true, your friend’s vacation taking behavior has been influenced by: • Howard’s boss compliments him because he works hard. • Jane is fined for going 86 mph on 91 North. • Jane now uses a radar detector to avoid getting another ticket. • You dab Benadryl cream on a mosquito bite to stop it from itching so much. • John drinks to forget his problems. • John’s mother bawled her eyes out when he came home drunk. • John’s father smacked him in the head for coming home drunk.

  33. For Qs 5, 7, 9 & 11 • Pleasant stimulus REMOVED, DECREASES likelihood of behavior • Pleasant stimulus PRESENTED, INCREASES likelihood of behavior • Unpleasant stimulus PRESENTED, DECREASES likelihood of behavior • Unpleasant stimulus REMOVED, INCREASES likelihood of behavior

  34. What kind of punishment? Positive punishment!

  35. Why parents stop doing nice things for their kids…(haha) negative punishment

  36. Generalization, Discrimination & Extinction apply to OC too… • The difference b/n OC and CC: CC = the stimulus reflexively/automatically causes the response OC = organism has more choice in its response; VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR!

  37. Operant Conditioning Hmwk http://psychusup.blogspot.com

  38. Reinforcement and Punishment... Does Timing Matter? yes!!!

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