Section 1: The Rise of Nationalism Section 2: Expansion and Improvements

1. CHAPTER 12 A New National Identity Section 1: The Rise of Nationalism Section 2: Expansion and Improvements Section 3:The Age of Jackson Section 4:Indian Removal Section 5:American Culture

2. SECTION 1 The Rise of Nationalism Era of Good Feelings Who: James Monroe (Dem. Republican) Did What: Was president during the “Era of Good Feelings.” Signed Rush-Bagot Treaty and Convention of 1818 treaty.

3. SECTION 1 The Rise of Nationalism Era of Good Feelings When: 1817Where: United States Why: Era of Good Feelings – Americans were full of National Pride from war. Monroe won reelection in 1820 w/out anybody running against him (Like GW). Rush-Bagot Treaty – Signed over fishing rights conflict with England after War of 1812. Convention of 1818 treaty – Treaty with England that gave us fishing rights off coast of Canada

4. SECTION 1 The Rise of Nationalism The Issue of Florida Who: John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, President Monroe, Did What: JQA – had talks with Spanish about purchasing Spanish Florida for America. Wrote Adams-Onis Treaty. AJ – Led an army into Spanish Florida to capture and punish a renegade group of Seminole Indians. While in Florida, Jackson took over Spanish military outposts and virtually took over the entire state. President Monroe – heard from Jackson about taking over Florida, but didn’t respond back in time. Gave Spain 2 choices.

5. SECTION 1 The Rise of Nationalism The Issue of Florida When: 1819Where: United States, Florida Why: Adams-Onis Treaty – Treaty written by JQA. Gave US Florida, We would pay Spain $5 million and had to give up area that is now Texas. Allowed Spain to Save fact to the world Andrew Jackson – Hated Indians, chased them into Florida and took over Spanish outposts while there. Asked President Monroe if he should fight Spanish, Monroe didn’t respond, so he did it. Enhanced his hero status. President Monroe – Didn’t respond back in time, b/c of time it took to get message and send one back.

6. SECTION 1 The Rise of Nationalism The Monroe Doctrine Who: President James Monroe, Simon Bolivar Did What: JM – Issued a proclamation to the world to stay out of the business of the Latin and South American countries business. It stated that the US would protect these nations. SB- “liberator”, led many of the struggles of these Latin & South American Countries.

7. SECTION 1 The Rise of Nationalism The Monroe Doctrine When: December 2, 1823Where: The Americas Why: Monroe Doctrine – Stated that the US would protect these new democracies and that the European powers (eng, fra, spa, etc…) should stay over in Europe. If they tried to reclaim their colonies, they would have to go through us to do it. This made the US the big dog in this area. We were now a SUPER POWER. The Liberator – Led these struggles to reclaim the lands taken by European countries.

8. SECTION 1 The Rise of Nationalism Question: How did the United States settle its land disputes with Great Britain and Spain?

9. SECTION 1 The Rise of Nationalism Compromise with Spain Compromise with Great Britain Adams-Onis Treaty Terms: Rush-Bagot Agreement Terms: • Spain gave Florida to the United States. • The United States gave up claims to present-day Texas. • United States took responsibility for up to $5 million of United States citizens’ claims against Spain. • limited naval power on the Great Lakes Convention of 1818 Terms: • gave the United States fishing rights off parts of Newfoundland and Labrador coasts • established a border between the United States and Canada at the 49th parallel, as far west as the Rockies • agreed to joint occupation of the Pacific Northwest

10. SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements The Missouri Compromise Who:Henry Clay, Pro-Slavery people, Anti-Slavery people Did What:HC – Great peacemaker, came up with the idea for the Missouri Compromise. This stopped a major regional conflict (various regions of the country – N vs. S). Had 3 parts: 1. Missouri – Slave State. 2. Main would enter as a Free State. 3. Slavery would be prohibited above the 36/30 parallel. PS- 11 slave states vs. 11 free states. Missouri wanted to be added by a slave state. AS - 11 slave states vs. 11 free states. Did not want Missouri to be allowed to be a slave state.

11. SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements The Missouri Compromise When: 1819 Where: US Congress Why: HC – Wanted to stop regional conflict. If you entered 2 states, then the balance of power would remain same. No issues. PS – argued b/c they had fewer reps. In the H.O.R., they could be blocked by the North. Missouri wanted to be admitted as a slave state. AS – If Missouri were to be admitted as a slave state, that would give slave states power in Senate. This would allow them to do what they wanted. They didn’t want slavery spreading into new territory.

12. SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements Internal Improvements Who:Henry Clay Did What:HC – Proposed a strong national economy that would prevent regional conflicts. He proposed a protective tariff. Then the $$ from the tariff could be used to improve the nation internally. This became known as the American System.

13. SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements Internal Improvements When: 1815 – 1820’s Where: United States Why: HC – knew a protective tariff would cause Americans to buy domestic goods as opposed to foreign goods. This would create a strong economy. (a protective tariff would make Americans want to buy cheaper American goods. This would benefit the north. With their new found $$, they would purchase the textiles from the south and the south would benefit from the $$. Thus all parts of the Country would help each other and therefore become dependent on each other. This would stop them from fighting.)

14. SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements New Roads & Canals Who:American Government, DeWitt Clinton Did What: AG – tried to improve roads in America. Built the Cumberland road which stretched from West Virginia to Illinois. DC – NY Governor. Built the Erie Canal to help speed up travel from Albany to Buffalo. Cost millions of $$ and took 8 years to complete. Well worth it, as NY became the nations top market for goods. The success of the Erie canal set off a canal boom.

15. SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements New Roads & Canals When: early 1800’s – mid 1800’s Where: United States, NY Why: AG – early American roads were horrible (dirt, gravel, curdory, turnpike) so to make trade easier, new roads were built. This would speed up transportation of goods and ideas from all areas of the country. First of such road was the Cumberland road. Built and paid for by US Government. First of its kind. Water travel was still cheaper and quicker @ this time, but rivers didn’t go everywhere we needed them to, so canals were started. DC – Spent millions of $$ to build Erie canal. Tough project to complete. Took 8 years to complete. First major undertaking of its time. 363 miles of canal were built. 40 ft. wide, and 4 ft deep. Even went over a 500 ft. hill by using a system of locks. The success of the canal making NY a major trade center, set off a boom in the idea of improving America internally. If we did this, then we could benefit $$.

16. SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements The Election of 1824 Who:John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson Did What: JQA – Secretary of state, ran for president in 1824. Democratic - Republican from the north. Supported higher education. Lost popular vote in election, but with help from Clay, won vote in H.O.R. . Named Clay as his Sec. of State. Did have enough power to push through some of his internal improvements. AJ – Democratic – Republican Senator from Tennessee. Won the popular vote in the election, but didn’t have enough electoral votes to win. Thus went to H.O.R. for tie breaking vote. He lost. Claimed Clay and Adams had made a “Corrupt Bargain.”

17. SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements The Election of 1824 When: 1824 Where: United States Why: JQA – Not very popular with the people. Popularity went down after he named Clay as Sec. of State. Didn’t win popular vote, but won in H.O.R. AJ – Claimed “Corrupt Bargain.” Said Adams promised Clay favors if he helped him win in the House. Clay was later named Sec. of State. His claims weakened the power of President Adams.

18. SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements Question: How did improvements in transportation affect the United States?

19. SECTION 2 Improvements Examples Expansion and Improvements Affect on the United States Roads Cumberland Road turnpikes connected the East coast to the interior United States Canals Erie Canal provided faster and cheaper routes for goods to market Overall results of improvements in transportation Both resulted in connecting regions of the United States.

20. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson Jacksonian Democracy Who:Americans (political parties), Andrew Jackson, John C. Calhoun Did What:Americans – Expanding voting rights meant more Americans than ever could vote. (women couldn’t yet) Began holding nominating conventions: public meeting in which people began to select a political parties representatives for president. This allowed more people to become active in politics. Jackson was famous for letting numerous people be involved with his campaigns, and thus this increase in political activism was called Jacksonian Democracy. AJ – Campaigned against Adams for the entire 4 years Adams was president. Kept pushing the idea of the corrupt bargain. Chose John C. Calhoun to run for VP with him in 1828. B/c Adams was also the Dem. Rep. Jackson and his supporters broke off and formed the Democratic party (same one as today) and the Dem. Repub. Eventually started calling themselves just Republicans. JCC – ran as VP under Jackson.

21. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson Jacksonian Democracy When: 1828 Where: United States Why:Americans – This increase in people getting involved in politics was important to the Election of 1828. Jacksonian Democracy AJ – couldn’t get over being cheated in last election. Wouldn’t be happy until he defeated Adams. JCC – was already important in politics, but now becomes very important as VP.

22. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson Jackson’s Victory Who:Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, Kitchen Cabinet Did What:AJ – Won election. Was seen as a victory for the people. Chose Martin Van Buren as his Sec. of State. Created spoils system. Threw crazy party on White house lawn when inaugurated. Established Kitchen Cabinet. MVB – Sec. of State under Jackson. Was on of AJ’s biggest supporters. KC – group of informal advisors to Jackson. Met in the Kitchen and talked over political issues.

23. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson Jackson’s Victory When: 1828 Where: United States Why:AJ – Won the election with a record # of votes. Was seen as a victory for the common man. Jackson (old hickory) ran as a common (poor) man. Where as Adams was the son of a former president and thus a rich man. Threw out almost all of the Republicans put in by Adams. Called this the Spoil System (to the victor goes the spoils). The American people threw a wild party on white house lawn when Jackson won election. Caused a lot of damage. Worried some that Jackson’s years would be ruled by a mob. Jackson got unofficial advice from a group of friends called the Kitchen Cabinet. MVB – One of Jackson’s most trusted advisors. Sec. of State.

24. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson Conflict over Tariffs Who:Northern manufacturers, Southern farmers, Andrew Jackson Did What:NM – wanted high protective tariffs. Caused regional conflict. SF – Had little industry to protect. Relied on Cotton exports to Britain. Tariffs made goods more expensive for everyone. AJ – Through congress passed the Tariff of 1828 (called the Tariff of Abomination).

25. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson Conflict over Tariffs When: 1828 Where: United States Why:NM – Wanted protection from larger British companies that could sell good cheaper then smaller American businesses. Wanted this protection in ways of Protective Tariffs. These taxes raised the prices of Foreign goods to be competitive with American goods. SM – Didn’t like tariffs. Tariffs raised the prices of goods and that was not good for consumers. Plus, when we raised the price on British goods, they put tariffs on Southern cotton sold in England and that decreased southern profits. Because they had little industry, this caused major hatred between the N & S (regional conflict). AJ - Pressured by Northern manufacturers, congress and Jackson pass a high protective tariff. The southerners called it the Tariff of Abominations b/c of how bad they hated it. They saw it as a way that the government abused its power. This would lead to many more problems for Jackson. Even within his own staff at the White House.

26. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson The Nullification Crisis Who:John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster, South Carolina, Andrew Jackson Did What:JCC – led opposition to the Tariff of 1828. Wrote many statements in support of state rights over federal rights. Even made a toast to Jackson and talked about states rights over Jackson’s authority. Warned that states could nullify bad federal laws. Said if they weren’t allowed to nullify, then they could rebel. Eventually resigned from VP in order to support South Carolina’s attempt at nullification. DW – Senator from Massachusetts. Said states had no right to nullify. Federal power over state power. “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable !” SC – Tested theory of Nullification when Jackson passed the Tariff of 1832. A new and higher tariff. Nullified the tariffs of 1828 & 1832. When Jackson said they couldn’t nullify, they threatened secession. AJ - Threatened S.C. with the army if they didn’t back down on nullification. Compromised - S.C. would back down, & enforce the tariffs, but the tariffs would be lowered over time.

27. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson The Nullification Crisis Who:John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster, South Carolina, Andrew Jackson When: 1828 - 1832 Where: United States Why:JCC – Led charge against tariffs. Threatened secession if Jackson didn’t back down. DW – Warned against letting South secede from the union. SC - started many problems over the issue of states rights. AJ - Didn’t send in Army, but everyone knew he would.

28. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson The 2nd Bank of the US Who:Andrew Jackson, McCulloch v. Maryland, John Marshall Did What:AJ - Didn’t always agree with more federal power. Hated the Bank of the US. Tried to get rid of Bank. Many states agreed and tried to tax the banks. Jackson moved the governments $$ out of the National bank and into local banks called Pet Banks. Promoted Westward expansion by offering loans to people moving west. Created inflation by making more money to pay for loans. Made people pay for land bought from Govt. with gold and silver. Lowered National Debt. MvM – Maryland taxed the National bank. The bank refused to pay taxes and state took him to court. Went all way to Supreme Court. Bank won. Nicholas Biddle made the bank a presidential issue. He tried to get banks charter renewed. Jackson defeated his attempts. JM – Chief Justice of Supreme Court. Ruled in favor of Bank. Said Bank was constitutional. Said “elastic Clause” allowed congress to create bank b/c they felt it was necessary and proper. This meant Maryland couldn’t tax bank b/c it interfered with the running of the Bank.

29. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson The 2nd Bank of the US When: 1832 Where: United States Why:AJ – Thought that federal bank was against common man and thus hated bank. Allowed states to tax federal banks to try and get rid of them. Took $$ out of federal banks and put it into the banks of his friends. Tried to promote expansion using govt. $$ which caused inflation. Then his policy on gold and silver caused a panic from the people about how solid the govt. was financially. MvM – Important Supreme Court Case. Approved the constitutionality of the Bank. Allowed congress to use the “elastic clause.” Put Jackson and the Executive branch against the Supreme Court against the Judicial Branch. Showed checks and balances worked. JM - Ruled on important Supreme court case. Quoted the “elastic clause” in saying the banks was constitutional.

30. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson Van Buren’s Presidency Who:Whig Party, Martin Van Buren, William Henry Harrison Did What:WP - group of people against Jackson formed this political party. Supported the idea of a weak president and a strong congress. Ran 4 candidates against Van Buren. Those 4 split their votes and Van Buren easily won with the support of Jackson. MVB – Won election of 1836 with support of Jackson. Not as well liked as Jackson. Wasn’t seen as a man of the people. Shortly after he took office, country suffered form the Panic of 1837 (mainly caused by Jackson’s policies). In 1840, his reelection was hurt by this depression and he loses to Harrison. WHH - war hero from war of 1812. Ran log cabin campaign. Of the 75% of the nation that voted (compared to 40% of today) it was a close race, but Harrison won in the electoral college by a landslide.

31. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson Van Buren’s Presidency When: 1836 - 1840 Where: United States Why:WP – Called Jackson “King Andrew”. They wanted a president that ran the govt. Not ran over the govt. MVB – was seen as a rich man. Not as well liked as Jackson. Took the blame for policies that Jackson started. WHH - ran Jackson like campaign against MVB. Used Log Cabin reference to get people to vote for him. He and John Tyler won a close popular vote, but won with a landslide in the electoral college.

32. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson Question: How did tariff disputes lead to the nullification crisis and how did President Jackson respond?

33. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson STEPS LEADING TO THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS Southern states asserted their right to nullify protective tariffs, which they argued hurt their economy. Jackson threatened to send federal troops to South Carolina to enforce federal laws. Jackson condemned nullification.

34. SECTION 4 Indian Removal The Indian Removal Act Who: Andrew Jackson, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Choctaw Indians Did What:AJ - pressured Congress to pass the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Forced the removal of all Indians east of Mississippi to land West (Oklahoma). Established Indian Territory. BIA - Created by congress to oversee federal policy toward American Indians. CI - Choctaw Indians were the first Indian group to be removed. Forced to leave during winter of 1831-32. Federal government didn’t provide enough food or shelter. Thus almost 25% of Choctaw died. Their treatment by the government made many other Indian tribes resist moving.

35. SECTION 4 Indian Removal The Indian Removal Act When: 1830 Where: United States Why:AJ – pressured Congress b/c he hated the Indians and they were on land that Americans wanted. BIA – The US government had a history of letting down the Indians and this group was supposed to stop them. They failed miserably. CI - Signed the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek - gave up 7.5 million acres. Lost 25% of their Indians to the move from Mississippi to Oklahoma.

36. SECTION 4 Indian Removal The Trail of Tears Who:Cherokee Nation (Sequoya), John Marshall, Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson Did What:CN - didn’t want to move off lands. Heard statements that they were savages and learned the ways of the white man to prove them wrong. Sequoya was a Cherokee that developed a written language so that they could be called civilized and maybe not be picked on anymore. Fought being moved from Georgia to Oklahoma. Forced to move. Disease and the 800 mile trip took its toll, killing almost 5,000 Cherokee. JM - Chief Justice that ruled in favor of the Cherokee in regards to the trail of tears. Said Georgia (with help from Jackson) had no constitutional right to remove them. Court Case was Worcester v. Georgia. WvG - Court case where Cherokee sued for the rights to stay on their land and not be kicked out by Georgia. John Marshall ruled in their favor. AJ - Said Georgia had the right to kick them out even though Supreme Court ruled otherwise. Said, “ John Marshall has made his decision, now let me see him enforce it !!!” Hated the Indians.

37. SECTION 4 Indian Removal The Trail of Tears When: 1832 Where: United States Why:CN – Sued b/c they proved they weren’t savages and felt they should be protected by the laws of the US. JM – Said removal of Cherokee was unconstitutional. Angered many Americans. WvG - Important Supreme Court Case. 1st time Executive Branch and Judicial Branch went toe to toe. AJ - Hated Indians. Famous quote about Constitution and John Marshall.

38. SECTION 4 Indian Removal Question: Why did federal and state governments begin an American Indian removal policy?

39. SECTION 4 Indian Removal Reasons for American Indian Removal Policy to end disputes between American Indians and settlers to open up American Indian land to settlers

40. SECTION 5 American Culture American Tales Who:Washington Irving Did What:WI - one of the first American writers to gain international fame. Wrote: Rip Van Winkle, Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Often wrote stories about American History. Blended writing of Europe with America. When: Early 1800’s Where: United States Why:WI - With things changing in America, a lot of things changed. One thing was American Culture. For example, stories about people no longer dominated readings. Stories about American History now ruled the times. People in America were very proud of how things have changed in the past 50 years and they were writing about what made them proud. One early writer that mixed European humor with American History was Washington Irving. His tales of Rip Van Winkle (a man who falls asleep before the American Revolution and wakes 20 years later to a time he doesn’t even recognize) were very popular.

41. SECTION 5 American Culture James Fennimore Cooper Who:James Fennimore Cooper Did What:JFC - wrote stories about the American Frontier. Fused Irvings writing about American History and fiction. He would put fictional characters in historical events (last of the Mohicans - about French & Indian War) When: 1820’s Where: United States Why:JFC - His new style became very popular in America. Putting Fictional characters in real events allowed his readers to have some knowledge about what was happening, but still use their imagination b/c of the unknown characters.

42. SECTION 5 American Culture Catharine Maria Sedgwick Who:Chatarine Maria Sedgwick Did What:CMS - wrote stories about the American life, but used women as heroines rather than some weak person that always had to be saved. Brought the ideas of equality for women in books and thus to a mass of people. When: 1820’s Where: United States Why:CMS - Used her ability to write to promote women’s issues. Things like equality, or marriage for women were brought to the public through her books.

43. SECTION 5 American Culture A New Style of Art Who:Hudson River School, Thomas Cole, George Caleb Bingham Did What:HRS - Inspired by writers like Irving and Cooper, these painters took the ideas of painting old European themes of the past and changed them to include American scenery. These painters were proud of their American life and wanted it to show in their paintings. When: 1820’s - 1840’s Where: United States Why:HRS - These painters were proud of their American life and wanted it to show in their paintings. People like Thomas Cole and George Caleb Bingham were among the leaders of these new American Painters.

44. SECTION 5 American Culture Question: What topics did favorite writers of the early 1800s write about?

45. SECTION 5 Writers Subjects American Culture FAVORITE AMERICAN WRITERS OF THE EARLY 1800s Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Catharine Maria Sedgwick American Revolution, settlement, and the landscape

46. CHAPTER 12 Chapter Wrap-Up 1. How did the United States settle its border disputes with British Canada and Spanish Florida? 2. How did U.S. political parties change between the elections of 1820 and 1828? 3. What did Chief Justice John Marshal decide in McCulloch v. Maryland and Worchester v. Georgia, and how did these cases affect the power of state governments?