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Emotional Landmarks Georg Gartner

Emotional Landmarks Georg Gartner. GeoGeras2005. Agenda Current Projects Emotional Landmarks Status Questions Discussion. GeoGeras2005. Current Projects AIS NAVIO CARTA. GeoGeras2005. Emotional Landmarks Background definition of landmarks is lacking important parts

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Emotional Landmarks Georg Gartner

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  1. Emotional Landmarks Georg Gartner GeoGeras2005

  2. Agenda Current Projects Emotional Landmarks Status Questions Discussion GeoGeras2005

  3. Current Projects AIS NAVIO CARTA .. GeoGeras2005

  4. Emotional Landmarks Background definition of landmarks is lacking important parts Exp: „Südbahnhof“ GeoGeras2005

  5. Defining “Landmarks” • Objects with outstanding characteristics/ attributes: • Visual: characteristics • Cognitive: meaning • Structural: role or location in space (Sorrow & Hirtle, 1999) FOCUS is on Object MISSING: relation to person

  6. Defining “Emotional Landmarks” Two working definitions are proposed: • “Distinctive emotional life-events that associate external landmarks with autobiography, thereby forming internal reference points” (Oakley, 2005). • “The emotional relationship between subjective and objective landmarks” (Oakley, 2005).

  7. Literature - Geography • Focus on external physical environment • Also exploring virtual environment • Wayfinding tools include digital cartographic products and integrate many types of media, and multi-sensory input (Taylor, 1997, 2003). • Term “emotional landmark” not used

  8. Literature - Psychology • Focus on internal psychological environment • Descriptions of human emotions borrow heavily from cartographic language but focus on the “inner self” environment

  9. How do we use ‘Landmarks’? • Aid wayfinding (confirms location and direction) • Provide orientation in real/virtual space • Help us to build up and organize and structure our spatial environment (e.g,. build a cognitive map) • Useful to communicate about space • CONSEQUENCE of NO landmark: may get lost; no confirmation of whereabouts so may lose confidence

  10. How do we use ‘emotional landmarks’? • Exactly as you would use landmarks • But, incorporates personal preference • Can allow transfer of different viewpoint or interpretations • Provides internal structure for inner direction • Provides a link between inner and external environments by autobiographical reference points

  11. Summary of relevant findings • Highly emotional, distinctive life events help keep autobiography integrated by forming reference points (Berntsen et al., 2003). • Strong emotion enhances memory • Negative emotional stress yields strongest memories • Clinical evidence suggests the connections between life events (internal landmarks) can become disrupted • Memories are disorganized or irretrievable (e.g., amnesia or dementia)

  12. Implications These findings highlight: • We use the same language when lost in geographic space or when emotionally lost • Feeling of being lost is experientially similar (internally and externally) • Autobiographical memory integrates our internal and external landmarks for use as reference points

  13. Defining Emotional Landmarks Two working definitions: • “Distinctive emotional life-events that associate external landmarks with autobiography, thereby forming internal reference points” (Oakley, 2005). • “The emotional relationship between subjective and objective landmarks” (Oakley, 2005).

  14. Hypothesis • The strength of emotional attachment for a particular landmark embedded in memory, by an individual, influences our structuring of space, esp. wayfinding

  15. So… If we agree that potentially: • emotional landmarks can aid wayfinding, and • everyone can benefit from their inclusion in wayfinding technology… Next question is how do we measure ´Emotional Landmarks`?

  16. Possible Measures (DVs) • Traditional Psychophysics measures -- RT, Accuracy/Error rates, subjective assessments of accuracy of decisions (indirect) • Narrative descriptions of events (direct) • Descriptive ExperienceSampling • Post hoc evaluations of landmarks (which landmark remembered, details, and emotional response to it) • Personal mapping of emotions to locations/ landmarks • Personal profile based on where person goes, using monitoring system • Measure persons physiological arousal or stress levels--perhaps with simultaneous video monitoring

  17. Next Steps • Iterative experimental design to test each model • Build system, for each model, to allow person input • Test and Interpret data for each model and system • Evaluate usefulness of emotional information to augment wayfinding • Identify best model and/or system for wayfinding • Inform cybercartographic design

  18. Next Steps • Typology of Landmarks • Distinctive • Emotional • Direct (episodic autobiographical memory) • based on existing memory • based on current experience • Indirect (collective autobiographical based)

  19. Next Steps • Premliminary Tests Analyzing methods on their potential to measure - emotional response - degree of emotional response - map autobiography - pinpoint on exisiting maps - measure indicators of emotional response - interview

  20. Next Steps • Points to find out - Link to space / Which Space? - Emotional Response - Degree of Emtional Response - Scale Dependency

  21. GeoGeras2005

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