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Groundnut Varieties Improvement for Yield and Adaptation, Human Health, and Nutrition

Groundnut Varieties Improvement for Yield and Adaptation, Human Health, and Nutrition. Pre- and post-harvest aflatoxin mitigation in groundnuts 3-4 December 2012. McKnight CCRP Groundnut Breeding and Afaltoxin Project DRD-Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute P.O. Box 509

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Groundnut Varieties Improvement for Yield and Adaptation, Human Health, and Nutrition

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  1. Groundnut Varieties Improvement for Yield and Adaptation, Human Health, and Nutrition Pre- and post-harvest aflatoxin mitigation in groundnuts 3-4 December 2012 McKnight CCRP Groundnut Breeding and Afaltoxin Project DRD-Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute P.O. Box 509 Mtwara, Tanzania. E-Mail mpondaomari@hotmail.com

  2. Project Team members and locations

  3. Project Locations: Tanzania & Malawi

  4. Low agricultural productivity and food insecurity. Poor soil fertility, unreliable rainfall and diseases are major factors limiting crop productivity. Malnutrition particularly in Children: lack of protein, oil and vitamins in a largely cereal-based diet Poverty >half of the population Crop Systems Challenges/Opportunities being Addressed

  5. Challenges in the Project Area • Small farm holdings 0.5 – 1.0ha • Lack of farm machinery (only hand tools) • Fungal foliar and Plant viral Diseases • Aflatoxin contamination

  6. Research Hypothesis • Improved groundnut varieties (for yield, disease and aflatoxin resistance) will stimulate farmer adoption and increase production enabling smallholder farmers to overcome • Malnutrition • Health related ailments • Increased rural poverty • Loss of soil fertility

  7. Major Achievements: 9 Varieties released to date

  8. IN 2012 NEW GROUNDNUT VARIETIES IDENTIFIED FOR RELEASE IN TANZANIA

  9. Participatory variety selection

  10. Rural seed fairs

  11. Afaltoxin contamination – trade and health effects • Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2), the poisonous secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillusflavus and A. parasiticus, are one of the most frequent contaminants in several crops produced under rainfed conditions such as groundnut, maize, millets, chillies, various nuts, etc.

  12. Aspergillus flavus: Aflatoxin producing mold Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxins • Toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillusflavus and related species in several crop species • Aflatoxin B1 is a potent toxin • It is considered as carcinogen

  13. Economic Impact • FAO estimates 25% of world food crops affected by mycotoxins – aflatoxin being the most notorious • Aflatoxin causes losses to livestock and poultry producers due to reduced growth rates, low yields, feed efficiency losses • Aflatoxin is a Barrier to trade • Regulatory programs are costly

  14. Countries with Permissible Limits for Total Aflatoxins in Food & Feed

  15. Top 20 Groundnut Exporters, 2008 Source: FAOSTAT

  16. Groundnuts Production-Tanzania

  17. Major Groundnuts production and exporting countries 2001-2007 (000’ MT )

  18. Groundnut Aflatoxin component Specific Objectives • ensure that the general public is knowledgeable about aflatoxin and its effects on health • Disseminate available aflatoxin reducing technologies • Building capacity of front line staff and farmers through farmer friendly integrated aflatoxin management packages

  19. Factors FavorizingAflatoxin Production • Post-harvest. • Warm Temperature • High humidity-rewetting • Poor storage conditions • Harvesting overly mature crop • Mechanical damage • Interactions among fungus, the host & the environment – • Pre-harvest • Presence of A. Flavus in the soil • insect damage • Water stress, high temp, prolonged drought, • Specific crop growth stages, soil fertility, high crop densities, weed competition

  20. Relationships between Grain contamination and Soil fungus Fitted probabilities of contamination >4ppb as influenced by soil fungi (log (cfu)) reveal Clear relationship between grain contamination and A.flavus in the soil. (as cfu increase beyond 3000 (log(cfu)>8).

  21. Relationships between Farmer exposure to groundnut production and grain aflatoxin contamination Fitted probabilities of contamination >4ppb as influenced by exposure to groundnut farming (years) Reveal that both less experienced and older farmers are more likely to produce groundnuts contaminated with aflatoxin.

  22. Relationship between district mean growing temp and Aflatoxin contamination Plotting the values of proportion of samples >20ppb for each district against district mean temperature revealed that groundnut contamination is to a greater extent more likely in warmer locations

  23. Groundnut Aflatoxin workshop with traders in Mtwara WABISOCO, MTWARA 17 June 2011

  24. Moulds in groundnuts

  25. Microscope view of fungi aspergillusflavus-

  26. Aflatoxin contamination levels in groundnuts in Tanzania (ppb) Mean AfB1 121 93 115 93 85 68 Samples

  27. Lifecycle- 1.Aflatoxin contamination starts in the field

  28. 2.How to reduce contamination in the field –Timely harvesting is important

  29. 3. Delayed harvesting may lead to aflatoxin Contamination

  30. 4. Browning of the inner side of the pod- maturity

  31. 5.How to reduce contamination during harvest – 10% moisture level (pod ratling)

  32. 6.How to reduce contamination during drying- Dry on raised platform

  33. 7. Jute bags good for groundnut storage

  34. 8.Sorting broken kernels and mould nuts may reduce aflatoxin contamination in groundnuts

  35. Sorting and Grading – reduced aflatoxin contamination

  36. Joint action needed – by value chain actors Policy makers (Ministries of Agriculture, Health, Industry, Finance, Trade, PMO, Loc GOvt),TFDA, Farmers Input & service suppliers (incl extension, SIDO, AMCOS; Farmer groups, PvT TOSCI,ASA, NGOs) Traders Exporters Processors Supermarkets Research community NARS, ICRISAT,IITA, TFNC,TBS Consumers Adapted from Homann-KeeTui (2010) Training/Planning Workshop Report on Establishing Small Stock Innovation Platforms, Gaborone

  37. Field Technology Demonstrations Aflatoxin GRD, Aflatoxin

  38. Affordable Tools for Monitoring Aflatoxin Contamination For successful mycotoxin management in food and feed, simple low-cost monitoring tools are required ICRISAT has developed ELISA based technologies for the detection of AFB, AFM1, FMB, OT etc. in food and feeds. And detection of AFB1-Albumin biomarker from blood

  39. Summary of researcher/communicator engagement withgroundnutstakeholders 2011-12 and recent results highlights Face-to-face information meeting, 2011, brings a new understanding of mould and aflatoxin 2011 Are encouraging better practices at the market through internal meetings on aflatoxin, and encouraging their suppliers to do the same. Market traders Small scale processors Will teachothers in theirnetworks Agric Coops Want to ensure all crops in go-downaremouldfree: have requestedtraining Have raised aflatoxin issue in Nanyumbu. and Ward Development Committee Meeting DistrictCouncilChairmen Has sensitisedAEOs and willcontintuetraining of farmers and AgricCooperatives DistrictAgric Extension Stakeholder meetings 2011/12 for information sharing, debate, consolidating an appreciationthatpre-andpost-harvest actions all contributetogether to addressing aflatoxin.

  40. planting Weeding/earthing up Harvesting/grading/drying shelling Time-line of NARI/Danish Management’s continuing/proposed sub-projects to support these stakeholder’s own learning/training activities, Tanzania 2012-13 Identify test groups SRM Evaluation and planning for radio + interactive voice messages with TFNC Radio series cont’d Radio series cont’d New radio series Radio series cont’d Edit and pretest Dissemination, use in training, feedback & evaluation Shooting of groundnut GAP for aflatoxin control video leaflet use in training, + feedback for improvement Improved leaflets, wider dissemination, feedback & evaluation Swahili aflatoxin leaflet + pretest ongoing NovDec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul AugSepOct 2012 2013

  41. Key points of our ICMM work • Researchers are engaging constructively with communication media specialists and with a range of stakeholders in the groundnut sector on pre- and post-harvest control/mitigation. • Diverse stakeholders included in decision making of training/communication productions via feedback loops. • Our methodology – the informal Learning Alliance – is systematically building relationships, sharing information, encouraging joint analysis of problems and solutions that for collaboration across stakeholder groups. • The approach can be extended to inform higher level policy

  42. Gender consideration in aflatoxin mitigation measures • Groundnut is considered a women crop • Women do the planting, weeding, harvesting, plucking, shelling ,grading for the market • There is fresh and dry groundnut value chains • Women make decision in consumption/preparation of food (need for focused training targeting women)

  43. Groundnut/Aflatoxin Research challenges • Farmers have no incentive to clean grain as there is no incentive by way of price differentials. – no grades and standards (Policy) • Capacity in aflatoxin detection at NARI and rapid testing in major groundnut producing zones at buying centres • Mass use of polypropylene sacks by farmers and traders (policy) • Lack of specialisation in agriculture among media personnel (low understanding/reporting in aflatoxin– degree training in communication (policy) • Inadequate funding for groundnut /aflatoxin research • Inadequate availability and supply of improved groundnut seeds • Competition from edible oil imports – Cheap oils imports (policy) • Importation of aflatoxin free groundnuts for plumpynut processing – Power foods

  44. AREAS OF INTEREST TO LINKING WITH PACA

  45. Thank you

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