Non-Verbal Communication

1. Non-Verbal Communication Michael Copeland Jake Reay

2. What is Non-Verbal Communication? The process of communication in which messages are transmitted in the form of wordless cues between people. Researchers have yet to come to a clear consensus on how much non-verbal cues represent in overall communication, some researchers theorize as little as 60%, and others as much as 93%.

3. Present Theory Dr. Albert Mehrabian [muh-ray-bian], author of Silent Messages, conducted several studies on nonverbal communication. He found that 7% of any message is conveyed through words 38% through certain vocal elements and 55% through nonverbal elements (facial expressions, gestures, posture, etc). Subtracting the 7% for actual vocal content leaves one with the 93% statistic.

4. Misconceptions Often times non-verbal communication is mistakenly referred to as body language (kinesics)

5. So What is Encompassed in Non-Verbal Communication? Body Language (Kinesics) Use of Voice (Paralanguage) Distance (Proxemics) Touch (Haptics) Use of Time (Chronemics) Clothing (Artifactics) Present Theory

6. What Does Your Body Say About You?(Kinesics) • Body Language is a physical form of non-verbal communication. It consists of • Body posture • Gestures • Facial expressions • Eye movements

7. Body Language • Interpretation of body language may provide insight into the attitude of another individual. Interpretation of body language can be used to discern. • Aggression • Attentiveness • Amusement • Relaxation • Etc…

8. Brief Exercise Following will be a series of slides, write down what you think the individual’s body language says about how they feel.

14. Answers Boredom Confusion Frustration Relaxed Elated, joyous, excited

15. Body Language With only static images, many people can tell what emotion is being felt without any words being spoken.

16. The Non-Verbal in the Verbal(Paralanguage) Speech on its own contains non-verbal elements Speaking Style Rhythm Intonation Stress • Voice Quality • Rate of Speech • Pitch • Volume Present Theory & Physical Components

17. Proxemics Proxemics - How we use the space around us – our environment. Intimate distance, up to 18”, is appropriate for private conversations between close friends. Personal distance, from 18”- 4’, is the space in which casual conversation occurs. Social distance, from 4’ – 12’, is where impersonal business such as job interviews are conducted. Public distance, is anything more than 12’ Present Theory & Physical Components

18. Present Theory & Physical Components

19. Present Theory & Physical Components

20. Past Theories Emotional responses developed out of necessity (Charles Darwin) Emotional expression is universal (Paul Ekman) Stimuli provoke innate reaction Reactive expression determines experiences

21. Current Research Can non-verbal cues be used to determine if someone is being truthful? In what ways can we use non-verbal cues to spot a lie?

22. Unintentional Gestures and Micro Expressions Unintentional gestures such as: Covering private parts Distancing Shoulder shrug Dilation of pupils And many more • Eye, or brow rubbing • Lip touching • Head, ear or neck scratching • Crossing arms • Locking fingers Current Research

23. Paul Ekman • Paul Ekman, Professor Emeritus in Psychology at UCSF, is the researcher and author best known for furthering our understanding of nonverbal behavior, encompassing facial expressions and gestures. In addition to his own distinguished academic career, Ekman has authored more than 100 published articles and holds several honorary doctoral degrees. A pre-eminent psychologist and co-discoverer of micro expressions with Friesen, Haggard and Isaacs, Ekman was named by the American Psychological Association as one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century, and TIME Magazine (2009) hailed him as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. Current Research

24. Types of Expression Macro: normal expressions usually last between ½-second and 4 seconds. They often repeat, and fit with what is said and the sound of the person’s voice. Micro: These are very brief, usually lasting between 1/15 and 1/25 of a second. They often display a concealed emotion and are the result of suppression or repression. False: A deliberately-made simulation of an emotion not being felt. Masked: A false expression made to cover a macro expression. Current Research

25. Micro Expressions Micro expressions are very brief facial expressions, lasting only a fraction of a second. They occur when a person either deliberately or unconsciously conceals a feeling. Seven emotions have universal signals: Current Research

26. The Seven Universal Human Emotions Sadness Anger Surprise Disgust Fear Contempt Happiness Current Research and Psychological Components

27. Current Research & Physical Components

28. VideoIntermission!

29. Psychological Components Increased amount of stressors for hearing impaired Uncorrected hearing loss could mean reduced cognitive function Greater chance of depression like symptoms Higher comorbidity of hearing loss and mental disorders Stigma

30. Solutions / Treatment “Let’s Face It!” Program – Teaches children with Autism to recognize facial expression and emotion. Still developing technology as this is an area with great potential for growth. Body language coach – A specialist who trains individuals to control their own body language and expression. Commonly employed by politicians and celebrities. Cochlear implants Adapted therapy Recognition Training

31. Personal Experiences

32. References Bond, B., (2011) PsychSmart Canadian Edition Cynthia D. Mulrow, Christine Aguilar, James E. Endicott, Michael R. Tuley, Ramon Velez, Walter S. Charlip, Mary C. Rhodes, Judith A. Hill, Louis A. DeNino; Quality-of-Life Changes and Hearing ImpairmentA Randomized Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1990 Eldik, T.(2005). Mental Health Problems of Dutch Youth With Hearing Loss as Shown on the Youth Self Report. American Annals of the Deaf 150(1), 11-16. Gallaudet University Press. Retrieved April 1, 2014, from Project MUSE database Joanna Stith, Ph.D., CCC-SLP, LSLS Cert. AVT; Arlene Stredler-Brown, CCC-SLP, CED; Pat Greenway; and Gary Kahn, M.D., TeleCITE: Telehealth—A Cochlear Implant Therapy Exchange, The Volta Review, Volume 112(3), Winter 2012, 393^02 Richard P. Halgin and Derek J. McEntee, Psychotherapy With Hearing-Impaired Clients,Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 1986, Vol. 17. No. 5, 466-472 Wilson, B. S., Finley, C. C., & al, e. (1991). Better speech recognition with cochlear implants. Nature, 352(6332), 236-8. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/204437103?accountid=40483 Hogan, K., Stubbs, R. (2003). Can't get Through 8 Barriers to Communication. Grenta, LA: Pelican Publishing Company. Nonverbal Communication Theories. (2009). In the Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. doi: 10.4135/9781412959384.n262 Nonverbal Communication. Entry in The Concise Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science(2004). FFast, J. (1970). Body Language- The Essential Secrets of Non-verbal Communication. New York,NY: MJF Book. Secrets of body language Directed by: James Millar A & E Television Networks : 2009 www.PaulEkman.com