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Prevalence

?. ?. ??. Prevalence. 1) Is depression more prevalent now? Prevalence since world war II: Increased by                                               a)25% b)50% c)100%. Types of Depression. 2) How many types of Depressions are known to clinicians? a) 2 types b) 8 types

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Prevalence

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  1. ?

  2. ? ??

  3. Prevalence 1) Is depression more prevalent now? Prevalence since world war II: Increased by                                               a)25% b)50% c)100%

  4. Types of Depression 2) How many types of Depressions are known to clinicians? a) 2 types b) 8 types c) Infinite number of types

  5. History of Antidepressants 3) Safe antidepressants have been available for more than: a) 100 years b)  75 years c) 50 years

  6. Major Depression –What is it? 4) Major depression is mainly: a) a functional "mental illness” b) a physical disease c) A body-mind illness

  7. Failure to Achieve Remission: Consequences  brain changes  chronicity suicide attempts  higher relapse rates Failure to Achieve Remission • inter-episode • duration medical comorbidity mortality  # of chronic depressive episodes use of medical services and disability benefits impairment in work and relationships McIntyre. J Clin Psych 2010;71:16-20; Trivedi. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70:26-31; Gradin, Pomi. J Biol Phys 2008;34:107-20.

  8. Physiological Consequences Failure to Achieve Remission: Brain Structural Changes Cognitive impairment and maintenance of depressed mood in MDD may be related to atrophy and altered function of these brain structures • Hippocampal atrophy • Frontal cortex atrophy • Glial cell loss prefrontal cortex • Amygdala hyperactivity Campbell & MacQueen. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2004; 29: 417-26. McKinnon et al. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2009; 34: 41-54.

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