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Energy in a Molecule: Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration

Explore how ATP molecules store and release energy in cellular reactions, comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration processes step by step. Discover the vital role of ATP in maintaining homeostasis, transmitting impulses, and cellular movement. Learn about the two stages of photosynthesis – light reactions and Calvin Cycle, and understand how plants and animals utilize sugars for energy production through cellular respiration. Unravel the interconnectedness of these energy processes in living organisms.

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Energy in a Molecule: Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration

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  1. ENERGY,Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

  2. Releasing Food Energy

  3. I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule • All ______ is broken down by the body into small molecules through digestion. • By the time food reaches your ____________, it has been broken down into nutrient rich molecules that can enter your cells. food bloodstream

  4. I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule Cellular reactions • ___________________ then break down the food molecules, __________ energy for the biological work your cells need to perform. • ______ = the ability to do work releasing Energy

  5. I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate) • _____________________________= energy storing molecule

  6. I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule • Cells STORE energy by bonding a third _______________ to ____ (adenosine diphosphate) to form ____. • Cells RELEASE energy when ATP breaks down into ____ and _________! phosphate group ADP ATP ADP phosphate

  7. I. ATP Energy In A Molecule

  8. I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule formation • Within a cell, _________ of ATP from ADP and phosphate occurs over and over, ________________ each time! storing energy

  9. I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule • Cells use energy for: • Maintaining ____________ • Eliminating _______ • Transmitting _________ (nerve cells) • Cellular __________ (muscle cells) • Without ATP a cell would ____! homeostasis wastes impulses movement die

  10. Photosynthesis

  11. I. Overview:“The Big Picture” • _______________ = the process that provides energy for almost all life. • ___________ = organisms that make their own food. • Ex. plants • Photosynthesis requires: • The _____________, ______ and ________________ to make ________________________ and _______ as byproducts. Photosynthesis Autotrophs Sun’s energy carbon dioxide water carbohydrate molecules oxygen

  12. chlorophyll • The process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS can be summarized by the following equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2

  13. I. Overview: “The Big Picture” ATP cellular respiration • The energy stored in glucose and other carbohydrates can be used later to produce ____ during the process of _____________________. • We’ll discuss cellular respiration in more detail very soon!

  14. I. Overview: “The Big Picture” NOT The process of photosynthesis does ____ happen all at once; rather it occurs in 2 stages:

  15. I. Overview: “The Big Picture” LIGHT REACTIONS Light energy chemical energy Energy sunlight chlorophyll • STAGE 1 – called the ________________. • _____________ is converted to _______________. • Takes place - _______ is captured from _________ in the _____________ of the chloroplasts of plant cells • A photosynthetic cell contains one to thousands of chloroplasts!

  16. Stage 1: Light Reactions Water light energy chemical energy ATP and NADPH O2 ______ is split into hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen (O2) through the process called the electron transport chain. The _____________ is now converted to __________________, which is temporarily stored in _______________ (energy molecules). The ___ diffuses out of the chloroplasts.

  17. Stage 2: Calvin Cycle CALVIN CYCLE Dark Reaction Carbon dioxide NADPH ATP carbohydrate molecules • Stage 2 – Called the _______________ or ________________ • _______________ (CO2) and the chemical energy stored in _____ and _________ powers the formation of ______________________________ (sugars, starch and fiber)

  18. Stage 2: Calvin Cycle stroma • Takes place – in the ________ of a chloroplast

  19. Stage 2: Calvin Cycle

  20. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Flowchart Sunlight H2O CO2 NADPH ATP O2 C6H12O6 Dark Reaction Light Reaction

  21. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Equation chlorophyll C6H12O6 6O2 6H2O 6CO2 Sunlight ______ + _____ + _________ → ________ + ____

  22. Cellular Respiration

  23. ______________________ = an energy (ATP) releasing process. • PLANTS: sugars (C6H12O6) produced during _______________ are broken down so energy is released. • ANIMALS: sugars (C6H12O6) produced during __________ are broken down so energy is released. Cellular respiration photosynthesis OVERVIEW: “The Big Picture digestion

  24. Equation: C6H12O6+ 6O2 →6H2O + 6CO2+ ATP OVERVIEW: “The Big Picture

  25. C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP • The PRODUCTS of ________________ glucose (C6H12O6) and O2, are the REACTANTS used in _____________________. • The WASTE PRODUCTS of ______________________, CO2 and water, are the REACTANTS used in _________________. photosynthesis cellular respiration cellular respiration photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2

  26. Processes: 1. ____________ 2. ______________ (Citric Acid Cycle) 3. ____________________ (ETC) Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain OVERVIEW: “The Big Picture

  27. 1. ___________________ – OXYGEN is present • If OXYGEN is PRESENT, the __________ of glycolysis ENTER the pathways of aerobic respiration. • 2 major stages: ______________ & ________________________ • Produces large amounts of ATP Aerobic respiration products Kreb’s Cycle II. Two Types of Cellular Respiration Electron Transport Chain

  28. 2. _____________________ = No OXYGEN is present. • Aka . . . ____________ • ___ additional _____ is created AFTER glycolysis produces 2 ATP. Anaerobic respiration fermentation No ATP II. Two Types of Cellular Respiration

  29. glycolysis • Note: Both types of respiration BEGIN with ____________.

  30. 1. __________ : • Occurs in the ____________ of the cell • Starting molecule: ONE molecule of _________ (__________) Glycolysis cytoplasm C6H12O6 glucose III. Aerobic Respiration Processes:

  31. Produces: TWO _______________ or ___________ (________) • ____________ molecules • Attaches H’s and Nad+ (electron carrier) and forms _______ (_______________________) pyruvic acids pyruvates C3H6O3 2 ATP NADH high energy molecule Glycolysis . . .

  32. 2. ___________________________________: _____________________ • ____________ process (requires oxygen) • Occurs in the ________________ Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Aerobic respiration Aerobic mitochondrion III. Aerobic Respiration Processes:

  33. Starting molecules: _____________ and ________ • Produces: ______________, ____ and _______ molecules • Attaches H’s to NAD+ and FAD to create NADH and FADH2 (these will be used to make more _____ in the _____. 2 pyruvates oxygen NADH and FADH2 CO2 2 ATP Kreb’s Cycle: ATP ETC

  34. 3. ___________________________________: _____________________ • ____________ process (requires oxygen) • Occurs in the ________________ of the ______________ Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Aerobic respiration Aerobic inner membrane mitochondria III. Aerobic Respiration Processes:

  35. Starting Molecules: _____________________ and _________. • Uses the NADH and FADH2 from the ______________ and another NADH from ____________. NADH and FADH2 oxygen Kreb’s Cycle Glycolysis ETC . . . :

  36. Produces: _______ and ___________ • FADH2 and NADH, release H’s so they can attach to ________ and produce _______. • Energy is released as a result of breaking down these molecules. water 32 ATP’s water oxygen ETC:

  37. To transfer chemical energy (_________) to a form of energy that is __________ by cells (_____)!!! • Total net gain of ATP molecules per 1 glucose = ____________ glucose useable ATP 36 ATP’s Importance of Aerobic Respiration:

  38. aerobic anaerobic Anaerobic Respiration

  39. Occurs _______ glycolysis, only if ____ oxygen is present. • ____ additional _____ is created after the 2 ATP’s from glycolysis! AFTER NO No ATP IV. Aerobic Respiration Processes:

  40. 1. _____________________: • Occurs in ________________ • Starting molecules: _____________ and ______ (from glycolysis) • Produces: _______________ and ________________. • Bakers use alcoholic fermentation of _______. Alcoholic fermentation plants and yeast 2 pyruvates NADH ethyl alcohol Anaerobic Respiration2 Types carbon dioxide yeast • Used to make wine and beer.

  41. 2. _______________________: • Occurs in ________ • Starting molecules: _____________ and ______ (from glycolysis) • Produces: _______________. • Lactic acid fermentation by microorganisms plays an essential role in the manufacturing of food products such as ________ and ________. Lactic Acid fermentation animals 2 pyruvates NADH lactic acid Anaerobic Respiration2 Types yogurt cheese

  42. Lactic Acid Fermentation: • DURING EXERCISE: breathing ________ provide your body with all the oxygen it needs for aerobic respiration cannot

  43. Lactic Acid Fermentation & Exercise: • When muscles run out of ________, the cells switch to _________________________. • Provides your _________ with the energy then needed during exercise. oxygen lactic acid fermentation muscles

  44. Lactic Acid Fermentation & Exercise: • Side effects of lactic acid fermentation are _________________, ______, ________, and __________. • Most lactic acid made in the muscles diffuses into the bloodstream, then to the liver; where it is converted back to PYRUVIC ACID when oxygen comes available. muscle fatigue pain cramps soreness

  45. AEROBIC Respiration • (_____________________________________) oxygen PRESENT

  46. Aerobic Respiration FADH2 + NADH #2 Kreb’s Cycle #1 Glycolysis 2 Pyruvates #3 ETC NADH NADH 2 ATP 32 ATP 2 ATP

  47. Aerobic Respiration EQUATION: C6H12O6 6O2 6H2O 6CO2 ________ + _____ → ______ + ______ + _______ 36 ATP

  48. ANAEROBIC Respiration • (_____________________________________) NO oxygen PRESENT

  49. Anaerobic Respiration Lactic Acid Lactic Acid Fermentation Animals Glycolysis 2 Pyruvates NADH Plants & Yeast Ethyl Alcohol Alcoholic Fermentation 2 ATP

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