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Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae

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Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae

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    1. Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

    4. Vertebrae Centrum Body of vertebra Surrounds or replaces notochord

    6. Centrum shape Amphicelous (most fish, tailed amphibians) Opisthocelous (terrestrial salamanders, gar) Acelous (mammals) Procelous (reptiles, frogs)

    8. Vertebrae Vertebral arch Neural arch Neural spine = spinous process Neural canal = vertebral canal

    10. Vertebrae Hemal arch Chevron bone in amniotes Ventral archway for caudal blood vessels Hemal spine

    13. Vertebrae Transverse process Diapophysis

    15. Vertebrae Zygaphophyses Tetrapod feature Prezygapophyses – cranial Postzygapophyses - caudal

    17. Development of vertebrae Ancient Sclerotomes around notochord Intersegmental from the somites Cartilage replacement of notochord Bone replacement of notochord

    20. Vertebrae in advanced fish Centrum replaces notochord Diplospondyly in tail

    21. Vertebrae in fish Regional differentiation Dorsal = Trunk Caudal = tail

    23. Vertebrae - fish Craniovertebral joint No movement

    24. Vertebrae - Amphibians Terrestrial life Spine must support body Resists bending but provides mobility

    26. Phylogeny of tetrapod vertebrae Tetrapod centrum is the descendant of the Pleurocentrum, not the intercentrum

    28. Vertebrae - amphibians Zygapophyses

    29. Vertebrae - amphibians Regional differentiation Cervical – usually one Trunk = dorsal – ribs present Sacral – one Caudal – no zygapophyses Urostyle – fused post-sacral vertebrae in anurans

    30. Skeletal support Copy and paste URL to link to original images at BIODIDAC http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=amph017b&File_type=GIF http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=amph006b&File_type=GIF Copy and paste URL to link to original images at BIODIDAC http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=amph017b&File_type=GIF http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=amph006b&File_type=GIF

    32. Vertebrae - amphibians Craniovertebral joint 1-2 occipital condyles

    33. Vertebrae - Reptiles Centrum replaces notochord Procoelous centrum Pleurocentrum is phylogenetic ancestral centrum

    34. Vertebrae - Reptiles Zygapophyses Not in tail

    35. Vertebrae - reptiles Cervical – 8 including atlas and axis Dorsals = Trunk (thoracic and lumbar) Sacral – 2 for stronger support Caudal Chevron bone = hemal arch Autonomy

    38. Vertebrae - reptiles Craniovertebral joint Ball & socket type of joint Single occipital condyle

    40. Vertebrae - reptile Atlas = C1 Axis = C2 Odontoid process for rotation Proatlas in crocodiles anterior to atlas

    42. Vertebrae - Birds Centrum is heterocoelous

    44. Vertebrae - birds Numerous cervical vertebrae Single occipital condyle Trunk = Thoracic vertebrae (tend to fuse) Synsacrum Last thoracic, all lumbar, 2 sacral, some caudal Caudal vertebrae Pygostyle supports tail feathers

    47. Vertebrae - Mammals Centrum is acelous 7 cervical Thoracics vary Lumbars vary Sacrum 3-5 Caudal Chevron bone Coccyx

    53. Vertebrae - Mammal Intervertebral disc Fibrocartilage Pulpy nucleus

    55. Vertebrae - Mammal Craniovertebral joint 2 occipital condyles Atlas Axis Flex, extend, circle, rotate

    57. Key Points – Evolutionary trend of vertebrae Regional differentiation? Head/neck? Sacral stability? Zygapophyses? Loss of notochord?

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