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Brazil's Historical Evolution: Unity, Modernization, and International Mobility (1823-1964)

Explore Brazil's journey from struggle to unity, economic modernization, and upward mobility in regions influenced by key events and diverse populations. Dive into Brazil's path from independence to the second republic, highlighted by pivotal figures and political changes.

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Brazil's Historical Evolution: Unity, Modernization, and International Mobility (1823-1964)

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  1. BRAZIL The Struggle for Unity, Economic Modernization and Upward International Mobility: 1823 - 1964

  2. Regions of Brazil

  3. REGIONS I • The heartland (Southeast - 42% population, 60%GDP, 11% area) • The south (15% population, 17% GDP, 7% area) • The center-west ( 8% population, 6% GDP, 25% area)

  4. Regions of Brazil

  5. REGIONS II • the north (6% population, 3% GDP, 40% area) • the northeast (29% population, 13% GDP 18% area)

  6. PEOPLE • Amerindians • Portuguese • African-Brazilians • Japanese • Other Europeans • Spanish • Germans • Italians

  7. Road to INDEPENDENCE (1808 – 1824) • Portuguese Court taken by British fleet to Rio de Janeiro • Centralization under Joao VI • End of the Napoleonic Wars • British aid Brazilian Independence

  8. Empire (1824-1889) • Primacy of British Economic Influence • Plantation Economy • Coffee • Cacao • Sugar • Issue of Slavery • French Orientation of Royal Court • Conspiracy of the Fazenderos

  9. FirstRepublic 1889-1930 • Much of imperial court transfers loyalties and remains in the national elite • Decentralization • The Coffee Economy • Shift to São Paulo • Reinvestment of profits from coffee • Dominant States • São Paulo • Minas Gerias • Rio Grande do Sul Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca, 1st President of Brazil (1889-91)

  10. Rise of Getúlio Vargas • The revolution of 1930 • São Paulo revolt (1932-37) • O Estado Novo (1937-45) • Populist • Military support at the beginning

  11. Brazilian Participation in World War II leads to downfall of Vargas • Brazilian army fights in the Italian Theatre • Initial performance discredits Vargas with the armed forces s • Returning military overthrows Vargas • Beginning of alienation between United States and the Brazilian left

  12. Second Republic: Democracy Frustrated (1946-1964) • Constitution of 1946 • Modeled on U.S. constitution • Structure so as not to threaten the large land owners of the Northeast • Political Parties • UND • PSD • PTB • Regional - local parties

  13. Second Republic: Vargas Returns (1951-1954) • Vargas: “The Last Hurrah” • Vargas wins as candidate of PTB • Military officer corps remains suspicious • Efforts to advance social revolution frightens the middle class • Military exercises its “Mediating power”

  14. JuscelinoKubitscheck Builds Brasilia – 800 miles from the coast

  15. Brasilia: Modern Latin American Capital City

  16. Janio QuadrosPresident: 31 January 1961 - 25 August 1961 • Reform governor of São Paulo • First “UDN candidate” to be elected president • Resignation after less than one year i office • Surprises the military • Frustrates UDN • Weakens the democratic regime

  17. João Goulart in power 1961-64) • Temporary switch to parliamentary system • Goulart assumes full power (1962) • Efforts to create a pro-Vargas majority • Courting peasants in the Northeast • Strengthing labor-based infrastructure of the PTB • Courting the urban poor • Anti-American nationalism

  18. End of the Second Republic • Pressures for Military Intervention • Conflictual social polarization • Middle class fears of workers • Attempt to divide the military along officer – enlisted lines • Role of the United States government

  19. Coup of April 1, 1964 • HumbertoCasteloBranco assumes power • Military demobilizes potential opponents • President Goulart flees to Uruguay • Key elected officials of PTB removed from office • Demobilization portrayed as temporary

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