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Position of Coal in Future Energy Scenario in India

Position of Coal in Future Energy Scenario in India. Kalyan Sen Director Central Fuel Research Institute, Dhanbad (India). Status of Power Generation in India. Per capita Primary energy Consumption:. India 243 kgoe/y developed Countries 1000 Average 7000-8000.

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Position of Coal in Future Energy Scenario in India

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  1. Position of Coal in Future Energy Scenario in India Kalyan Sen Director Central Fuel Research Institute, Dhanbad (India)

  2. Status of Power Generation in India

  3. Per capita Primary energy Consumption: India 243 kgoe/y developed Countries 1000 Average 7000-8000 (IEA Coal research, Nov.’98)

  4. Against projected GDP Growth rate of 7% - Power sector requires expansion @ 9-10% i.e. Additional capacity of 10 GWe/y for next 10 years (IEA Coal research, Nov.’98)

  5. Year Thermal Hydro -electric Nuclear Total 1996 60,000 20,976 2,225 83,288 1998 63,038 21,729 1,840 86,607 NA 1999 67,618 22,438 93,249 1999-2012 1,43,610 56,418 11,615 2,11,643 (projected) Capacity of power generation in India (in MW) (CPU 1999; CEA, July, 1999)

  6. Thermal fuel No. of stations Capacity(MW) Generation(GWh) Coal 73 51134 276605 Lignite 3 2280 13853 Gas 30 7203 35396 Oil/Diesel & others 11 1017 2387 Multi-fuel 2 1404 7292 119 63038 336033 Capacity Utilization of Power Fuels and Electricity generated (Source: CPU 1999)

  7. Coal consumption, production and quality

  8. Increased demand and dependence on coallead to • ecological disbalance on mining site • transportation overloading • alarming emission of hazardous matters

  9. Sl. Type of coal Proved Indicated Inferred Total No. 1 Prime coking 4614 699 - 5313 2 Medium coking 11267 1114 1106 23506 3 Semi coking 282 904 222 1408 4 High Sulphur 412 77 398 887 5 Non coking 65820 76696 37971 180479 82386 88427 39697 211594 (GSI Jan 2000) Geological reserves of coal in India (Mt)

  10. Year Installed Thermal Coal Ash capacity (Mt) Consum.(Mt) Gener.(Mt) Power (BU) 1997-98 51135 203 80 277 2001-02 75000 267 107 425 2006-07 111070 450 180 615 2011-12 162000 660 265 920 Annual/ Estimated Coal consumption and Ash generation by Coal-based Thermal Power Plants (Source: CEA, April,1999)

  11. Coal Generation States No. of consumption Plants (MW) (Mt) Delhi, Punjab, Hariana, Rajasthan 10 20 5153 Bihar, West bengal & Orissa 21 50 12300 Gujarat 5 15 3820 Maharastra 8 26 6476 Madhya Pradesh 7 28 7163 Tamilnadu & Karnataka 5 16 4020 Andhra Pradesh 6 20 5043 Uttar Pradesh 10 36 8941 Assam 1 - 240 73 211 53126 Coal Consumption pattern in different states (as on March,1999) (Source: CEA, 1999)

  12. 350 300 250 200 Production (Mt) 150 100 50 0 95-96 1900 1915 1930 1945 1956 1971 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1999 Year Trend of Coal Production in India (A.B.Ghosh 1997, MoC 1998-99)

  13. Year Demand (Mt) Supply (Mt) Short-fall (Mt) 2001-02 400 360 40 2006-07 576 484 92 2007-12 872 652 220 Demand - Supply projection of coal: (Draft Report, Energy policy Committee, planning Commission, march, 1999)

  14. Futuristies in Coal production • Identification of a no. of Collieries • Advancement in mining technology • Optimum mixing of underground & opencast mining • Quality improvement by beneficiation

  15. Coal for Power Plants

  16. COAL RESERVES Total: 212 Bt non-coking: 83% coking: 14% others: 3% Grade-wise reserves of Indian non-coking coal Grade Reserves, bt Share, % Ash, % CV, kcal/kg A+B+C 23.8 13 28.7 >4940 D 29.0 16 34.0 4940-4200 E+F+G 125.2 71 55.0 4200-1300 (Source: GSI, 2000)

  17. Heating value C- burn out Char behaviour Rank Petrography • Size character. • Grindability Index • Elements ( S, Cl, N) • Moisture • V.M • Ash Common Coal Quality Indices Combustion specific Linking parameters ------> Traditional inspection properties:

  18. Indian Coal as feed to TPS Constraints: • Genetic : high inertinite content, high moisture • Operational : mechanized mining in large OCP • Organizational: multiple sources/ linkages

  19. Indian Coal as feed to TPS (contd…) Favourable qualities: Genetic • Low Sulphur content ( <0.6%) • High ash fusion temperature (>1100oC) • Low Iron content • Low Chlorine content • Low toxic trace elements • Reactive inertinites

  20. Average quality of raw coal fed to the power stations • Ash content: 30-55%, ave. 45% • Moisture content : 4-7%, higher in rainy season • Sulphur content : 0.2-0.7% • GCV, Kcal/Kg : 3000-5000, average 3500 • Volatile Matter : 20-25%

  21. 2000 4500 gcv 4000 1500 3500 (Rs./t) Cost 1000 freight 3000 500 2500 price 0 2000 1985 1990 1995 2000 Trend of Pit head Price, Freight charges & Quality GCV (kg/kcal) Year (Sachdev-98,CPU-1997 & Boparai-2000)

  22. Quality and Cost of Coal and Logistics • Cost of production is cheaper but freight is high • For the last 18 years, increase in freight is 13% against 9% coal price hike/ year • For grade “F” transported beyond 750km, freight increased from 43% to 54% of the delivered cost (1981 to 1999 ) • In western and southern states, Indian coals have to compete with imported coals as freight is presently as high as 71%

  23. Non-coking Coal Washing Status in India

  24. Probable Benefaction Schemes • blendinglow ash imported coal with high ash indigenous coal • mixingfiner fraction with Cleans of coarser fraction • mixingcleans of all fractions (whole coal beneficiation )

  25. Present Status of Beneficiation of Non-Coking Coal Washery yr. of Coalfield Capacity Linkage comm. (Mt/y) Piparwar,CCL `1997 Singrauli 6.0 Indraprastha Bina, NCL 1997 N. Karanpura 4.5 Dadri Dipika, BSES 1998 Korba 2.5 Dahanu Gidi,CCL 1999 S.Karanpura2.5 converted Dugda-I, BCCL 1999 Jharia 1.0 “ Kargali, CCL 1999 E.Bokaro 2.7 “ Parameter : Ash level 34% Ref.: MOEF, Govt.... Of India)

  26. Purpose of Beneficiation • To reduce mineral matter content • To minimize abrasive material • To improve combustion qualities Q ? Does 34% ash (MoEF’s mandate) always assure the desired combustion qualities ? A: Ash limit depends on specific combustion qualities

  27. From beneficiation point of view, washing a coal at a cut density determined from characteristic ash (l) of 50-55% minimize the non-combustibles having ash values beyond this limit

  28. Probable alternates for Improvement • mixing cleans of coarse fraction with untreated smalls limitation: 20-40% of finer fraction (5-10% of whole coal) included as obvious dirt • blending a part of raw coal with its cleans limitation: Multiple sources - variable feed

  29. Probable alternates for Improvement • blending low ash imported coal with high ash indigenous coal limitation: Blending coals of widely different ranks calls for differential behaviour in boiler • mixing cleans of both fractions / whole coal beneficiation limitation: low density of cut with HM Cyclone

  30. beneficiating whole coal, particularly, where crushing to finer size does not help in liberation • washing a coal at a specific gravity determined from l = 50-55%. This will minimize the presence of non-combustibles and reduce the hazardous emissions/kWh electricity generated

  31. CO2 EMISSION IS CONSIDERED AS THE MAJOR THREAT (THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT) ‘KYOTO PROTOCOL’demands the reduction in CO2- release and identifies coal fired boilers as the main industrial source

  32. CO2 emission can be reduced by reducing the consumption of coal /kWh of electricity generated

  33. Economic advantages of beneficiation: • 30% reduction in coal consumption for same amount of electricity generated • 30% offloading in railway traffic • >25% reduction in Fly ash generation • 30% reduction in cost of long distant transportation

  34. Washed coal of consistent quality & improved heat value lowers the sp. coal consumption from >0.6 to 0.52-0.55 kg/kWhandthe same target of electricity generation can be retained

  35. Logistics The combined effect of cost, freight and quality of coal and others dictates the maximum distance beyond which only washed coal transportation becomes techno-economically feasible

  36. Issues to be addressed • Strict Quality monitoring • Revision of pricing & grading system • Rationalistion of linkages • Rationalistion of logistics & railway freight • Removal of barriers for non-coking coal washing • Advanced technology for power generation • Proper waste management

  37. Conclusion: Efficiency enhancement in Energy Sector must involve all the activities in ‘Coal - Energy chain’ with special emphasis to Improvement in coal quality by judicious beneficiation

  38. Improvement in coal quality by judicious beneficiation of Indian coal is, therefore one of the options of efficiency enhancement processes, if not the bare necessity under present context

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