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Orbital Mechanics: Basic Orbits Overview

Explore the fundamentals of various orbits including Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO), and Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO). Learn about Kepler's laws, satellite maneuvers, and orbital parameters.

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Orbital Mechanics: Basic Orbits Overview

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  1. Orbital Mechanics Basic Orbits Include: Low Earth Orbit (LEO), including sun-synchronous Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Also called semi-synchronous Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) including Geostationary. Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO) including Molniya Spacecraft obey Kepler, not Bernoulli Satellite manoeuvres require Deliberate planning Time Fuel (limited)

  2. Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) Altitude 160 – 2000 km

  3. LEO Orbit – 2D Ground Trace

  4. Sun-Synchronous Orbits • Near-Polar, 97°-99° Inclination • 760 - 860 km

  5. LEO Sun-Synchronous Orbit2D Ground Trace

  6. Medium Earth Orbits (MEO) 2D Ground Trace Period: 2 – 24hrs Average = 12 hour period Altitude: 2000 – 35786 km, Near Circular Average 20,800 km

  7. Geostationary

  8. Highly Elliptical Orbits (HEO) Apogee High Altitude Perigee Low Altitude

  9. HEO

  10. HEO 2D Ground Trace

  11. Orbital Example – Earth Fixed

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