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SINGLE PILOT CRM

Join us at the Sun-N-Fun FAA Safety Center in Lakeland, Florida, on April 17, 1999, for an enlightening session on Single Pilot Crew Resource Management (CRM). Discover the critical importance of optimizing human performance to reduce error and enhance safety in aviation. We will explore the evolution of CRM, from military applications in the 1940s to its integration into general aviation and airlines in the 1980s and 1990s. Learn about key CRM markers including communication, decision making, and situation awareness, and gain valuable insights to improve your aviation skills and safety protocols.

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SINGLE PILOT CRM

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  1. SINGLE PILOT CRM Sun-N-Fun FAA Safety Center Lakeland, Florida April 17, 1999

  2. WHY ARE WE HERE? • FLY-IN • FUN • FUTURE • A/C • RAIN? Sun-N-Fun 1999

  3. IT WON’T HAPPEN TO ME! • “WHEN ANYONE ASKS ME HOW I CAN BEST DESCRIBE MY EXPERIENCE IN NEARLY FORTY YEARS AT SEA, I MERELY SAY, UNEVENTFUL. OF COURSE THERE HAVE BEEN WINTER GALES, AND STORMS AND FOG AND THE LIKE, BUT IN ALL MY EXPERIENCE I HAVE NEVER BEEN IN AN ACCIDENT OF ANY SORT WORTH SPEAKING ABOUT. I HAVE SEEN BUT ONE VESSEL IN DISTRESS IN ALL MY YEARS AT SEA....I NEVER SAW A SHIPWRECK AND HAVE NEVER BEEN SHIPWRECKED, NOR WAS I EVER IN ANY PREDICAMENT THAT THREATENED TO END IN DISASTER OF ANY SORT.” E.J. SMITH • ON 14 APRIL 1912 RMS TITANIC SANK WITH THE LOSS OF 1500 LIVES - ONE OF WHICH WAS IT’S CAPTAIN....... E.J. SMITH Sun-N-Fun 1999

  4. WHAT IS CRM? “THE EFFECTIVE USE OF ALL AVAILABLE RESOURCES… • HUMAN • HARDWARE • INFORMATION Sun-N-Fun 1999

  5. WHY CRM? 1. OPTIMIZE HUMAN PERFORMANCE 2. REDUCE HUMAN ERROR Sun-N-Fun 1999

  6. QUICK HISTORY... • 1940’S - MILITARY • 1970’S - ACCIDENT STUDIES/ASRS • 1980’S - GENERAL AVIATION - PILOT JUDGMENT TRAINING • 1980’S - AIRLINES - “COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT” • 1990’S - INTEGRATION AND APPLICATION Sun-N-Fun 1999

  7. CHANGES IN ACCIDENT CAUSAL FACTORS OVER TIME HUMAN FACTORS CAUSES RELATIVE PROPORTION OF ACCIDENT CAUSES (HUMAN VS MECHANICAL) MECHANICAL CAUSES TIME (31 YEARS) Sun-N-Fun 1999

  8. HUMAN FACTORSDEFINITION HUMAN FACTORS “A MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD DEVOTED TO OPTIMIZING HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND REDUCING HUMAN EROR” (OOOPS!) Sun-N-Fun 1999

  9. HUMAN ERRORS LEADING TO ACCIDENTS... HOW MANY ERRORS NEED TO OCCUR BEFORE WE HAVE AN ACCIDENT? Sun-N-Fun 1999

  10. TOTAL ACCIDENT RATE FOR AIRCRAFT 1959-1998 ANNUAL-RATES YEAR Sun-N-Fun 1999

  11. PRIMARY CAUSAL FACTORS OFAIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS Sun-N-Fun 1999

  12. PROBABLE CAUSE IN 80% OF ALL ACCIDENTS (NTSB) 47% 19% 21% 5% 6% 4% Sun-N-Fun 1999

  13. LET’S TAKE A CLOSER LOOK... CRM INTEGRATION AND APPLICATION Sun-N-Fun 1999

  14. PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS REQUIREMENTS “CRM is not a single TASK. CRM is a set of skill competencies which must be evident in all TASKS in this PTS as applied to the single pilot or the multicrew operation.” Sun-N-Fun 1999

  15. WHAT MAKES A PILOT? “A PILOT MUST HAVE A MEMORY; BUT THERE ARE TWO HIGHER QUALITIES WHICH HE MUST ALSO HAVE. HE MUST HAVE GOOD AND QUICK JUDGMENT AND DECISION, AND A COOL, CALM COURAGE THAT NO PERIL CAN SHAKE. GIVE A MAN THE TRIFLE OF PLUCK TO START WITH, AND BY THE TIME HE HAS BECOME A PILOT HE CANNOT BE UNMANNED BY ANY DANGER…BUT ONE CANNOT QUITE SAY THE SAME FOR JUDGMENT. JUDGMENT IS A MATTER OF BRAINS, AND A MAN MUST START WITH A GOOD STOCK OF THAT ARTICLE OR HE WILL NEVER SUCCEED AS A PILOT.” MARK TWAIN “LIFE ON THE MISSISSIPPI” Sun-N-Fun 1999

  16. CRM MARKERS • COMMUNICATION • DECISION MAKING • PLANNING • WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT • SITUATION AWARENESS Sun-N-Fun 1999

  17. CRM MARKERSCOMMUNICATION • WORDS • TONE • BODY LANGUAGE • TWO EARS, ONE MOUTH Sun-N-Fun 1999

  18. CRM MARKERSDECISION MAKING • DECISION TO MAKE • GATHER INFORMATION • IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVES • EVALUATE ALTERNATIVES • CHOOSE ALTERNATIVE • EVALUATE CHOICE • RETURN TO THE BEGINNING Sun-N-Fun 1999

  19. CRM MARKERSPLANNING • MAKE A PLAN • FOLLOW THE PLAN • MODIFY THE PLAN, IF NECESSARY Sun-N-Fun 1999

  20. CRM MARKERSWORKLOAD MANAGEMENT Critical Flight Window 2,000 2,000

  21. CRM MARKERSSITUATION AWARENESS THE ACCURATE PERCEPTION OR KNOWLEDGE A PILOT MAINTAINS TO THEIR OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN ORDER TO ANTICIPATE CONTINGENCIES AND TAKE THE NECESSARY ACTIONS. Sun-N-Fun 1999

  22. RECOGNIZING THE LOSS OF SITUATION AWARENESS(AKA THE ERROR CHAIN) • FAILURE TO MEET TARGETS • UNDOCUMENTED PROCEDURES • VIOLATING MINIMUMS OR LIMITATIONS • NO ONE FLYING A/C • NO ONE LOOKING OUT OF THE WINDOW (HUMAN TCAS) Sun-N-Fun 1999

  23. RECOGNIZING THE LOSS OF SITUATION AWARENESS(AKA THE ERROR CHAIN) • NO CHECKLISTS • INCOMPLETE COMMUNICATIONS • AMBIGUITY • UNRESOLVED DISCREPANCIES • FIXATION OR PREOCCUPATION • EMPTY FEELING OR CONFUSION Sun-N-Fun 1999

  24. BREAK THE ERROR CHAIN 1 Incomplete Comm. 2 Ambiguity 11 Failure to meet ... 3. Unre . Discrepancies 4. Use of Undoc. Procedures 10 Violations of ... 5 Preoccupation or Fixation 9 Deviation from SOPs 8 Confusion 6 No one flying 7 No one looking

  25. IMPROVE YOUR CRM SKILLS... • ESTABLISH AND FOLLOWYOUR SOP’S • COMMUNICATE YOUR SOP’S (BRIEF PASSENGERS) • BE AWARE! Sun-N-Fun 1999

  26. THE END • QUESTIONS??? • THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME! • REMEMBER…..MAKE CRM PART OF YOUR SOP! Sun-N-Fun 1999

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