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Sub-Kingdom Protozoa

Sub-Kingdom Protozoa. General Characteristics. Single-celled or unicellular organisms; some live in colonies; Size = microscopic (3 to 1,000 microns). No germ layers, tissues, or organs; However, specialized intracellular "organelles" are present

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Sub-Kingdom Protozoa

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  1. Sub-Kingdom Protozoa

  2. General Characteristics • Single-celled or unicellular organisms; some live in colonies; • Size = microscopic (3 to 1,000 microns). • No germ layers, tissues, or organs; • However, specialized intracellular "organelles" are present • Over 64, 000 species have been described; about 50, 000 are free-living

  3. Locomotion by pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia. • Symmetry = all types (bilateral, radial, spherical, or asymmetrical) • Free living, commensal, parasitic, or mutualistic • Mostly naked, but few have simple protective exoskeletons (tests), E.g. Arcella and Difflugia

  4. Nutrition = autotrophic (holophytic), saprozoic, saprophytic, or holozoic. • Reproduction: asexual = longitudinal and transverse binary fission, budding, multiple fission (sporogony, schizogony) • Sexual = syngamy, autogamy, conjugation

  5. List of Phyla • Phylum Sarcodina • Amoeba-like organisms (e.g. Amoeba, Entamoeba, Arcella) • Phylum Mastigophora • Phytomatigophorans (e.g. Euglena, Chlamydomonas) • Zoomastigophorans (e.g. Trypanosoma, Giardia, Trichonomas, Trichonympha) • Phylum Chlorophyta (e.g. Volvox) • Phylum Ciliophora (e.g. Paramecium, Balantidium,) • Phylum Apicomplexa (e.g. Plasmodium, Eimeria, Toxoplasma, Isospora)

  6. Phylum Sarcodina • Organisms move by pseudopodia, flagella, or a combination • Single nucleus, or monomorphic nuclei • Genera • Amoeba - without a test, naked (free-living) • Arcella - with a calcareous test (free-living) • Entamoeba - without a test(parasitic)

  7. Figure 11.10

  8. Amoeba Pseudopod Food Vacuole Contractile Vacuole Nucleus Phagocytosis Hyaline Cap

  9. Amoeba hunting food

  10. Arcella Test Nucleus Pseudopod Arcella

  11. Phylum Mastigophora • Organisms move by one or two flagella • Single nucleus, or monomorphic nuclei • Some are capable of photosynthesis; chloroplasts usually present • Others are either mutuals or parasites • Common symmetry is bilateral

  12. Subphylum Euglenoidea • Plant like organisms; photosynthesis • Solitary • Symmetry is usually bilateral • Presence of stigma for light detection

  13. Euglena

  14. Euglena Chloroplasts Contractile Vacuole Flagellum not visible Stigma

  15. Kinetoplastida • Organisms are only heterotrophic • No chloroplasts present • all parasitic Red Blood Cells Organism Trypanosoma smear – cause of sleeping sickness

  16. Trypanasoma sp. Trypanosoma Red Blood Cells

  17. Leishmania sp Giardia sp

  18. Phylum Chlorophyta • Flagellated single or colonial organisms • All members are autotrophic, chloroplasts with chlorophyll • Genetically different from Euglenozoa

  19. Volvox life cycle

  20. Volvox Zygote Egg Mother Colony

  21. Phylum Apicomplexa • organisms do not have locomotor structures; • all species are parasitic • asexual reproduction involves multiple fission (schizogony, sporogony) Plasmodium smear – cause of Malaria

  22. Final Host Plasmodium – agent For malaria Vector

  23. Ring stage trophozoite merozoite Red blood cell Trophozooite

  24. Ring stage in red blood cell Ring stage – Early Trophozoite

  25. Schizont with merozoites in red blood cell Red blood cell Merozoites in the Schizont

  26. Female Male Gametocytes

  27. Phylum Ciliophora: The Ciliates • Organisms move by cilia • Usually two sizes of nuclei ; Macronucleus and micronucleus • Reproduction usually by transverse binary fission • Sexual reproduction by conjugation

  28. Paramecium

  29. Binary Fission – Asexual Reproduction

  30. Conjugation – sexual reproduction

  31. Vorticella

  32. Stentor

  33. Protozoa: Ecological Importance • Unicellular level of organization • Highly specialized organelles for various physiological processes • Prominent members of the aquatic food chain, especially detritivores and • Symbiosis is highly developed among members i.e. Commensals, parasites, mutuals, and detritivores with multicellular organisms

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