Treatment of Mental Disorders

1. Treatment of Mental Disorders By Mr. C

2. What’s difference between a psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, and counselor? • How do psychoanalysts treat disorders? • How do behaviorists treat disorders? • What are classical conditioning techniques to therapy? • What is manifest content of dreams? Latent content? • What are operant conditioning techniques? • What is cognitive therapy? • Who is Albert Ellis? • Who is Aaron Beck? • How do Humanists treat disorders? • What are biomedical therapies? • Benefits of group therapy?

3. Key Questions for this Unit What’s the difference between a Psychiatrist, Clinical Psychologist and a Counselor? How do Psychoanalysts treat mental disorders? How do Behaviorists treat? How do Humanists treat? What is Cognitive therapy?

4. What is a psychiatrist? • Psychiatrists are MDs (medical doctors) with a specialty in treating mental disorders, usually with a biomedical therapy (medicine) and some talk therapy. • You would see a “shrink” if you have schizophrenia, severe depression, suicidal thoughts, and other severe mental problems that need medication.

5. What is a clinical psychologist? • A clinical psychologist has a PhD in psychology (no medical school). They treat fairly serious mental illnesses with “talk” therapies. • They might treat personality disorders, anxiety disorders, addictions using insight or “talk” therapy.

6. What is a counselor? • A counselor uses “talk” therapy to treat non-mental disorders like improving communication between family members, grief counseling, marital counseling, life strategies. • Counselors have a Masters Degree with specialty training.

7. 2. In contrast to a clinical psychologist, a psychiatrist is more likely to a) engage in an eclectic b) use a biomedical/somatic treatment c) recognize the importance of group therapy with patients having the same disorder d) treat clients in community mental health centers exclusively

8. Perspectives on Treatment • Psychoanalytic • Behavioral • Humanistic • Cognitive • Biophysical

9. What are Psychoanalytic methods? • Dream Analysis – Manifest content (actual content) AND Latent content (hidden) • Transference – strong emotional outburst/connection with therapist • Hypnosis • Free association – talk about whatever and Dr. analyzes it All 5 rely on exposing unconscious thoughts and interpreting them.

11. VII. Psychoanalysis (psychodynamic): • Unconscious thoughts & emotions are brought into awareness to be dealt with. • Psychological problems – the result of unconscious processes. • Bringing unpleasant unconscious thoughts into to consciousness, produces catharsis.

12. A. What are Psychoanalytic methods of therapy (4 of them on same card if possible): • 1. Free Association – patient reports anything that comes to his/her mind. • The psychoanalyst takes whatever you say and treats it like a window into your unconscious mind.

13. B.Dream analysis: • Dreams have two types of content: • Manifest content- actual events in dream. • Latent content – hidden message in dream. (latent = hidden) • Freud thought that each dream represents a form of wish fulfillment. The wish may be disguised, but it is always there.

14. C. Transference • Feelings of love or other emotions (hatred) are expressed toward the therapist. • These feelings are actually unconsciously felt toward others; the patient is projecting these feelings onto the therapist. • This provides clues about the client’s feelings about these other people.

15. Hypnosis • Hypnosis is a psychoanalytic therapeutic technique. • Some people are more susceptible to hypnosis than others – can’t by hypnotized against your will. • Whatever you think, patients report benefits from hypnosis. • video

16. 5. The goal of psychoanalytical therapy is a) to change maladaptive behavior to more socially acceptable behavior b) to change negative thinking into more positive attributions c) to attain self-actualization d) to bring unconscious conflicts to conscious awareness and gain insight

17. 7. Treating the therapist as though he were a very important person from one’s past, such as a parent, defines a) resistance b) transference c) frustration d) reaction formation

18. In psychoanalysis, an emotional attachment to the therapist that symbolically represents other important relationships is called • resistance. • transference. c. identification. d. empathy

19. A psychoanalyst who believes in the theories of Freud would see mental disorders as caused by a. birth trauma. b. repressed sexuality and aggression. c. bizarre dreams. d. immature personal relationships.

20. Psychoanalysis summary • What causes mental disorders? – unconscious (whatever) • Treatment? – Probing the unconscious mind (psychoanalysis)

21. Behavioral Therapy

22. Behavioral causes of disorders? • Behaviorists believe that mental problems are caused by classical conditioning (for example, phobias), operant conditioning (addictions, depression), and observational learning (we watch our parents and friends suffer so we copy them). • Treatment: they change maladaptive behavior.

23. What are classical conditioning techniques? • Systematic desensitization (gradual exposure) to your phobia or germs (for OCD and phobias) • Flooding – overexposure to what bugs you • Aversive conditioning – associate bad things with your maladaptive behavior (shock testicles) video

25. Operant conditioning treatment • Token economy – (operant conditioning) Therapists will reward desirable behaviors with a reward system. This is usually applied to groups like hospital mental wards or classrooms or workplaces. • If you don’t kill anyone this week, I’ll give you a nickel. If everyone passes, we’ll have a pizza party.

26. Systematic desensitization is a technique based on a) classical conditioning b) instrumental conditioning c) operant conditioning d) aversive conditioning

27. The owner of a chicken ranch ends a pet dog's habit of stealing and eating eggs by allowing the dog to "find" and eat several eggs laced with Tabasco sauce. The ranch owner's approach is similar to • covert sensitization. • aversion therapy. c. implosive therapy. d. desensitization techniques.

28. Antabuse is a drug that, when paired with alcohol in the bloodstream, bring about extreme nausea. For many motivated alcoholics, this has proven to be an effective treatment. Under which umbrella of psychotherapy would it most likely be found? a) insight therapy b) aversive conditioning c) Gestalt therapy d) self-help therapy

29. Behaviorism summary • What causes mental disorders? - We are conditioned to be sick (classical, operant, observational learning) • Treatment? We change the behavior through conditioning.

30. Humanistic Perspective of Psychology

31. Humanism • What is the root word of Humanism? • After years of psychoanalysts saying we are a bunch of id-driven animals and years of behaviorists studying rats in a cage, the Humanists came along in the 60s.

32. What is Humanism? • Major perspective of psychology. • Focuses on maximizing human potential, free will. • Important people: Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow. • Think hippies

33. Who is Carl Rogers?

34. Humanistic therapy? • Who is Carl Rogers? Carl Rogers was the founder of person-centered therapy, reflective listening, unconditional positive regard, empathy. • The patient/client has all the answers and the means to treat themselves. In person-centered therapy, the therapist acts as a sounding board for the patient, sometimes rephrasing what the patient says (reflective listening). Empathy is important!

35. Reflective listening • Patient to Rogerian therapist: I’m really depressed. • Therapist: I see. Yes. You are depressed. • Patient: Nothing is going well. • Therapist: Nothing well. • Patient: I feel like killing myself. • T: You’re thinking of killing yourself. • P: Yes, I’m going to do it NOW. • T: You want to do it now. • P: [Jumps out window.] • T: Woosh. Splat

36. REAL IDEAL Incongruent self: neurosis REAL IDEAL Incongruent self: psychosis (shattered self)

37. Fully-Functioning Individual Congruence! Open to experiences Freedom from society Creativity

38. Person-Centered Therapy(Client-centered or Rogerian) Show the client unconditional positive regard: accepting and valuing self (and people) regardless of their behavior Allow the client to take responsibility for his life Mirror the clients emotions and thoughts so that he/she can decide their path in life Be congruent (honest, genuine, vulnerable) Show empathy

39. Abraham Maslow

40. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

41. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs • People cannot maximize their potential unless their more basic needs are met. • If a family’s home just got destroyed by a tornado, can they focus on their communication skills? • If you are hungry, can you worry about your self esteem?

42. Do these people have self esteem issues?

43. Which Simpsons character is at the bottom of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

45. Which character has safety needs?

47. Who has love and belonging needs?

49. Who has esteem needs?