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The Cardiovascular System: Blood

The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Chapter 14. Function. Transportation-hormones, gasses, nutrients, ions, heat Regulation- pH, temperature, water balance in cells Protection- clotting, white cells interferons, complement. Composition. Connective tissue-Two parts

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The Cardiovascular System: Blood

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  1. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Chapter 14

  2. Function • Transportation-hormones, gasses, nutrients, ions, heat • Regulation- pH, temperature, water balance in cells • Protection- clotting, white cells interferons, complement

  3. Composition • Connective tissue-Two parts • Plasma = soluble materials (~55%) • Formed Elements = cells (~45%) • Percent occupied by red blood cells (RBC) = hematocrit (Hct) • White blood cells (WBC) ~1%

  4. Figure 14.1a

  5. Figure 14.1b

  6. Plasma • ~91% water, 7% proteins, 1.5 % other solutes • Proteins: Albumin (54%)- osmosis and carriers; • Globulins (38%)- antibodies • Fibrinogen (7%)- clotting • Other: Electrolytes , nutrients, gases, hormones, vitamins & waste products

  7. Formed Elements I. Red Blood Cells II. White blood cells • A. granular Leukocytes • Neutrophils • Eosinophils • Basophils • B. Agranular leukocytes • T & B lymphocytes & natural Killer cells • monocytes III Platelets

  8. Formation of Blood Cells • Called hemopoiesis • Just before birth and throughout life occurs in red bone marrow • Contains pluripotent stem cells • In response to specific hormones these develop through a series of changes to form all of the blood cells

  9. Figure 14.2a

  10. Figure 14.2b

  11. Erythrocytes (RBCs) • Hemoglobin package- carries oxygen • Also carries some CO2 • Male has ~ 5.4 million cells/µl; Female has ~4.8 million • membrane, no nucleus, flexible structure • use glucose for ATP production to maintain ionic composition • No mitochondria • Wear out fast- live ~120 days

  12. RBC Cycling • cleared by macrophages (liver & Spleen) • Fe- recycled in bone marrow • Carried in blood on transferrin • Heme bilirubin and excreted (bile) • Globin A.A. recycled.

  13. Figure 14.3

  14. RBC Synthesis • called erythropoiesis • From stem cells: hemocytoblasts • Released as reticulocytes • Mature to erythrocytes in 1-2 days • Production & destruction is balanced • Low O2 delivery (hypoxia)  • erythropoietin release (EPO) fromkidney • Stimulates erythropoiesis

  15. Figure 14.4

  16. White Blood Cells • Defenses: phagocytes, antibody production and antibacterial action • Phagocytes: • Neutrophil- first responders • Monocytes macrophages (big eaters) • Eosinophil- phagocitize antibody-antigen complexes Involved in suppressing allergic responses • Basophil- intensify allergic reactions • Immune response: • T-cells, B-cells& natural killer (NK) cells

  17. WBC Life Span • 5000-10,00 WBC /µl blood • Limited number of bacteria can be eaten • Life span is a few days • During active infection may be hours • Leukocytosis= increased WBC numbers response to stresses • Leukopenia = decreased WBC numbers

  18. Platelets • Myeloid stem cells  megakaryocytes  2000 -3000 fragments = platelets • Plug damaged blood vessels • Promote blood clotting • Life span 5-9 days

  19. Hemostasis • Hemostasis = stationary blood • 1. Vascular reactions (spasm) • Response to damage • Quick reduction of blood loss • 2. platelet plug formation • Become sticky when contact damaged vessel wall • 3. blood clotting (coagulation) • Series of chemical reactions involving clotting factors • Clotting in unbroken vessel=thrombosis

  20. Coagulation • Extrinsic pathway common steps • tissue factor(TF) from damaged cells 1 • Intrinsic Pathway  common steps • Materials “intrinsic” to blood 1 • 1. prothrombinase which causes • 2. prothrombin thrombin causes • 3. fibrinogen  fibrin  clot

  21. Clot Retraction & Vessel Repair • Clot pugs ruptured area • Gradually contracts (retraction) • Pulls sides of wound together • Fibroblasts replace connective tissue • epithelial cells repair lining

  22. Control Mechanisms • Fibrinolysis: dissolving of clot by activated plasmin enclosed in clot • Clots can be triggered by roughness on vessel wall = thrombosis • Loose clot = embolus and can block a small vessel = embolism

  23. Figure 14.5

  24. Blood Types • Surface antigens- react with antibodies • Divided into groups based on antigens • > 24 blood groups and > 100 different antigens • We will deal with ABO and Rh groups

  25. ABO Group • Two antigens = A & B • If have only A –type A • If have only B –type B • If neither then Type O • Blood usually has antibodies that can react with antigens • e.g. anti-A antibody or anti-B antibody • You don’t react with your own antigens • Thus: type A has anti-B and vice versa

  26. Figure 14.6

  27. Rh Blood Group • Antigen discovered in rhesus monkey • If have antigen- Rh+ • Normally don’t have antibodies • antibodies develop after the first exposure from transfusion

  28. Transfusions • If mismatched blood given antibodies bind to it and hemolyze cells • Type AB has no AB antibodies so can receive any ABO type blood called Universal recipients • Type O have neither antigen so can donate to any other ABO type called Universal donors • Misleading because of many other blood groups that must be matched

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