Getting to California

1. Ch 27 Sec 2: The Watergate Scandal ____________ - name given to the scandal that did not just include a break-in at the DNC headquarters but other illegal activities and cover-ups that took place under Nixon. ____________ - (CREEP) organization put together to ensure that Nixon was reelected in 1972 even if it included illegal fundraising and other activities ____________ - system used in the Oval Office of the White House that allowed Nixon to keep track of all of his private conversations, but also provided evidence of the cover up ____________ - Nixon attempts to have the special prosecutor Archibald Cox fired by ordering the Attorney General to do it. AG refuses Nixon fires him and others to get it done. ____________ - Nixon’s vice president is forced to resign for taking bribes (unrelated to Watergate) and is replaced by Gerald Ford. ____________ - articles approved by the House in August of 1974 that would allow a trail to begin in the Senate. Instead Nixon resigns the presidency and Ford becomes President. Getting to California

2. Chapter Objectives Section 2: The Watergate Scandal • Describe the character of Richard Nixon and the attitude of his White House.  • Explain the Watergate scandal and discuss its effects. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Intro 3

3. Guide to Reading Main Idea During his second term, President Nixon became embroiled in a scandal that ultimately forced him to resign.  Key Terms and Names • Sam J. Ervin  • impeach  • Federal Campaign Act Amendments • John Dean  • executive privilege  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-1

4. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Section 2-4

5. The Roots of Watergate • The Watergate scandal began as the Nixon administration attempted to cover up its involvement in the break-in at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters, as well as other illegal actions committed during Nixon’s re-election campaign. (pages 838–840) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-5

6. The Roots of Watergate • Richard Nixon had become defensive, secretive, and resentful of his critics during his long and difficult climb to the presidency. • He went as far as creating an “enemies list,” naming people from politicians to members of the media. (pages 838–840) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-5

7. The Roots of Watergate(cont.) • In an effort to win re-election, Nixon and his team looked for ways to gain an edge anyway they could. • On June 17, 1972, five Nixon supporters broke into the Democratic Party’s headquarters to locate campaign information and install wiretaps on telephones. (pages 838–840) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-6

8. The Roots of Watergate(cont.) • Discovered by a security guard, the burglars were arrested. • One of the burglars, James McCord, was an ex-CIA official and a member of the Committee for the Re-election of the President (CREEP). (pages 838–840) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-7

9. The Roots of Watergate(cont.) • As the questions about the break-ins began, the cover-up started. • Although it is thought that Nixon did not order the break-in, it is believed that he did order the cover-up. • Most Americans believed the president when he claimed he had no involvement in the break-in, and Nixon won re-election in 1972. (pages 838–840) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-7

10. Watergate – 1972 Timeline June 17th, 1972 - five men are arrested for breaking into the Democratic National headquarters in the Watergate hotel in Washington DC Nov. 7th, 1972 - Nixon wins a landslide reelection (2nd greatest in American history) Only 50% of Americans had even heard about Watergate FYI 2-1

11. The Cover-Up Unravels • In 1973 the Watergate burglars went on trial. • Defendant James McCord agreed to cooperate with the grand jury investigation and the Senate’s Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, established under Senator Sam J. Ervin of North Carolina. • McCord’s testimony created a floodgate of confessions, and officials and White House staff exposed illegalities. (pages 840–842) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-10

12. The Cover-Up Unravels(cont.) • Counsel to the president John Dean leveled allegations against Nixon himself. • John Dean testified before Senator Erwin’s committee that Attorney General John Mitchell ordered the Watergate break-in and Nixon was active in its cover-up. (pages 840–842) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-11

13. “I don’t give a s*** what happens, I want you to stonewall it, let them plead the 5th Amendment, cover-up or anything else, if it’ll save the plan” - Richard Nixon Time Notebook 6

14. The Cover-Up Unravels(cont.) • On July 16, White House aide Alexander Butterfield testified that Nixon had ordered a taping system installed in the White House to record all conversations to help him write his memoirs once he left office. (pages 840–842) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-12

15. Watergate – 1973 Timeline Feb 7th - Senate begins an investigation of the election April 30th - H.R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman and attorney John Dean III all resign, Nixon denies knowing about the break in May 11th - charges are dropped against Ellsberg for releasing the Pentagon Papers after it is learned that the “plumbers” had broken into his psychiatrist’s office June 25th - John Dean III testifies that Nixon authorized the “hush money” July 16th - Alexander Butterfield a White House aide testifies that Nixon had a “taping system” in the White House Oval Office FYI 2-1

16. The Cover-Up Unravels(cont.) • These tapes were sought by all groups investigating the scandal. Nixon refused to hand over the tapes, pleading executive privilege–the principle that White House conversations be kept confidential to protect national security. (pages 840–842) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-12

17. The Saturday Night Massacre Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox insisted that Richard Nixon turn over the tapes. In order to defy this order, Nixon ordered for Cox to be fired, but his new his Attorney General Elliot Richardson (former AG John Mitchell had to resign due to his role in the scandal) and his subordinate refused. Nixon continued to fire people in the Attorney General’s office until he found someone in the justice department that wouldfire Cox. (Robert Bork). FYI 2-1

18. The Cover-Up Unravels(cont.) • In the fall of 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew was forced to resign after it was discovered he had taken bribes from state contractors while governor of Maryland. • Republican leader of the House of Representatives, Gerald Ford, became the new vice president. (pages 840–842) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-13

19. Watergate – 1973 Timeline Oct 10th - Vice President Sprio T. Agnew resigns Oct 20th - “Saturday Night Massacre” Oct 23rd - House begins impeachment investigations Oct 30th - Nixon turns over all but three tapes Nov 21st - Investigators learn of an 18½ min gap that Nixon blames on a secretary that was making transcripts Dec 6th - Gerald Ford is sworn in as Vice-President FYI 2-1

20. “I am not a crook” - Richard Nixon April 1974 After he is ordered to pay $400,000 in back taxes Time Notebook 6

21. The Cover-Up Unravels(cont.) • Nixon released edited transcripts of the tapes in April 1974, claiming they proved him innocent. (pages 840–842) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-14

22. The Cover-Up Unravels(cont.) • Investigators went to court again to force Nixon to turn over unedited tapes. • In July the Supreme Court ruled that Nixon had to turn over the unedited tapes. (pages 840–842) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-14

23. The Cover-Up Unravels(cont.) • The House Judiciary Committee voted to impeach, or officially charge Nixon of presidential misconduct. • On one of the tapes was found evidence that Nixon had ordered the CIA to stop the FBI’s investigation of the break-in. (pages 840–842) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-15

24. “I hereby resign the Office of President of the United States.” - Richard Nixon August 9, 1974 Time Notebook 6

25. The Cover-Up Unravels(cont.) • On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned, and Gerald Ford became the 38th president of the United States. (pages 840–842) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-15

26. Watergate – 1974 Timeline Jan 4th - Nixon refuses to hand over 500 tapes and documents citing “executive privilege” April 3rd - Nixon has to pay $400,000 in back taxes “I am not a crook” April 29th - gives edited transcripts of the subpoenaed tapes July 24th - Supreme Court rules that Nixon must turnover the tapes July 27th - House Judiciary Committee approves of two articles of impeachment Aug 5th - Nixon releases the transcripts of the tapes which show the “smoking gun” Aug 8th - Nixon announces that he is resigning the Presidency on national television effective at noon on August 9th FYI 2-1

27. “a full, free and absolute pardon…for all offenses against the United States which he…has committed or may have committed or taken part in while President.” - Gerald Ford September 8th, 1974 Announcing the pardon he had granted Nixon Time Notebook 6

28. The Cover-Up Unravels(cont.) What did the House Judiciary Committee charge against Nixon? Nixon was charged with obstructing justice in the Watergate cover-up, misuse of federal agencies to violate the rights of citizens, and defying the authority of Congress by not turning over the tapes and other materials the committee had requested. (pages 840–842) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-16

29. The Impact of Watergate • Watergate prompted the implementation of several new laws limiting the power of the executive branch and reestablishing a greater balance of power. • The Federal Campaign Act Amendments limited campaign contributions and set up an independent agency to administer stricter election laws. • The Ethics in Government Act required financial disclosure by high government officials in all three branches of government. (page 842) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-17

30. The Impact of Watergate(cont.) • The FBI Domestic Security Investigation Guidelines restricted the bureau’s political intelligence-gathering activities. • Watergate left Americans distrustful of public officials. • Other Americans felt that Nixon’s impeachment and resignation proved that in the United States, no one is above the law. (page 842) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-18

31. Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. A __ 1. principle stating that communications of the executive branch should remain confidential to protect national security __ 2. to formally charge a public official with misconduct in office A. executive privilege B. impeach B Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Section 2-20

32. Checking for Understanding (cont.) Evaluate the effects of the Watergate scandal on the way American citizens viewed the federal government. Many citizens distrusted the federal government, especially the presidency, while some saw the events as proof that no one is above the law. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-21

33. Reviewing Themes Government and Democracy How did the Watergate scandal alter the balance of power between the executive and legislative branches of government? It led to laws that limit the power of the executive branch. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-22

34. Critical Thinking Evaluating How did the discovery of the White House tapes change the Watergate cover-up investigation? It led to an abuse of executive privilege, but resulted in proof of Nixon’s guilt. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-23

35. Analyzing Visuals Analyzing Photographs Study the photograph on page 841 of your textbook. How would you describe the scene of Nixon’s leave-taking? What in the photo suggests that this is a formal occasion? Why do you think this ceremony might be important for the nation? Answers will vary. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-24

36. Close Explain the Watergate scandal and discuss its effects. Section 2-25

37. End of Section 2

38. Chapter Summary 1

39. End of Chapter Summary

40. Reviewing Key Terms Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 1. persistent inflation combined with stagnant consumer demand and relatively high unemployment __ 2. a policy which attempts to relax or ease tensions between nations __ 3. a government ban on trade with other countries __ 4. to take possession of __ 5. principle stating that communications of the executive branch should remain confidential to protect national security __ 6. a meeting of heads of governments A. impound B. détente C. summit D. executive privilege E. impeach F. embargo G. stagflation H. guru I. transcendental meditation J. disco G B F A D C Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Chapter Assessment 1

41. Reviewing Key Terms (cont.) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. H __ 7. a person with knowledge or expertise, especially a religious teacher and spiritual guide in Hinduism __ 8. to formally charge a public official with misconduct in office __ 9. popular dance music characterized by hypnotic rhythm, repetitive lyrics, and electronically produced sounds __ 10. a technique of meditation in which a mantra is chanted as a way of achieving peak intelligence, harmony, and health A. impound B. détente C. summit D. executive privilege E. impeach F. embargo G. stagflation H. guru I. transcendental meditation J. disco E J I Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Chapter Assessment 2

42. Reviewing Key Facts What were the main aspects of President Nixon’s domestic and foreign policies? Nixon’s domestic policy focused on the New Federalism, and his foreign policy focused on détente. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment 3

43. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) What was the impact of the Watergate scandal on the American people? Most Americans lost trust in public officials. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment 4

44. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) Why did President Nixon freeze wages and prices in the early 1970s? President Nixon believed wage and price freezes would stop stagflation, a combination of rising prices and economic stagnation. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment 5

45. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) What factors caused economic problems in the United States in the 1970s? Rising oil prices, increased international competition, low job training for new jobs, and a decline in manufacturing caused economic problems in the 1970s. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment 6

46. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) What changes in family life occurred in the United States in the 1970s? Changes in family life included smaller families, more divorces, parents and children spending less time together, and women becoming more active in the workplace and outside the home. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment 7

47. Critical Thinking Analyzing Themes: Government and Democracy How did the Watergate scandal affect the relationship among the three branches of government? The Supreme Court forced the president to yield presidential privilege, thus decreasing the power of the executive branch. Congress passed laws establishing a greater balance of power, requiring financial disclosure from all branches of government, and establishing independent counsel to investigate wrongdoings of government officials. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment 8

48. Critical Thinking (cont.) Evaluating What impact did cultural phenomena such as disco music, the use of CB radios, and exercise trends have on the U.S. economy? Disco music led to the opening of dance clubs, millions of people bought CB radios, and exercise clubs opened throughout the country. Each helped the economy expand. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment 9

49. Economics and History The graph on page 857 of your textbook shows inflation rates in the United States from 1960 to 1992. Study the graph and answer the questions on the following slides. Chapter Assessment 10

50. Economics and History (cont.) Interpreting Graphs How did the nation’s inflation rate change between 1965 and 1980? The inflation rate increased from under 2 percent in 1965 to over 12 percent in 1980. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment 11