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1. Decision Making
2. I. Define the problem A. Ethics take into account (#1 escalation?)
B. Level of participation
- to group or not to group?
- advantages?
C. Distinguish problem from symptoms. Consider opportunities (#2 advice)
4. Decision making biases/heuristics (#3 & 4) Escalation of commitment increased commitment to a decision despite negative information (double down after you lose a hand)
Availability base judgments on information that is readily available (recency errors in performance appraisal)
Representativeness base judgments of probability on things with which they are familiar (recent 3 graduates)
Anchoring giving disproportionate weight to first information you hear
Groupthink tendency to withhold individual opinion in order to go along with the group (#4.5 & 5)
11. II. Set Objectives/Criteria
12. Alternatives by Criteria (1-5)
13. III. Generate Alternatives Innovation and Creativity
Brainstorming (4 rules)
Nominal Group Technique ( #6)
Dialectic Inquiry
Devils advocacy
15. Brainstorming rules: 1. Defer judgment (otherwise youll interrupt the flow of ideas)
2. Build on the ideas of others (its far more productive than merely hogging the glory for your own insights)
3. Stay focused on the topic (no tangents)
4. One person at a time (so you dont drown out that quiet, brilliant mumbler in the corner of the room)
5. Go for quantity (when Ideo staffers brainstorm, they shoot for 150 ideas in 30 to 45 minutes)
6. Encourage wild ideas (to paraphrase Einstein, If at first an idea doesnt sound absurd, then theres no hope for it)
7. Be visual (sketch ideas to help people understand them).
16. The Nominal Group Technique
19. IV. Analyze Alternatives Compare alternatives using established criteria
Cost-benefit analysis
20. Creativity
21. I. Creative Process 1. Establish opportunity or problem recognition
2. Immersion collect/recall information and generate hypotheses
3. Incubation subconscious manipulation
4. Insight AHA (often during unrelated activity)
5. Verification test it out
22. II. Enhancing Creativity A. Create a culture of creativity (#1 & #3)
B. Reduce mental locks (#2)
C. Puzzles (Prussias, #4 & # 5)