Herbs as Health Foods| Pharmacognosy |Assignment |Pharmacy

1. Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Santosh, Tangail-1902 Department of Pharmacy Assignment No: 02 Assignment on Herbs as Health Foods Course Code: PHAR 2201 Course Tittle: Pharmacognosy III Submitted By Submitted To Md. Shakil Sarker Student ID: PHA-20008 2ndYear, 2ndSemester Session: 2019-2020 Department of Pharmacy Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Santosh, Tangail-1902 Sayema Arefin Assistant Professor Department of Pharmacy Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Santosh, Tangail-1902 Date of Submission: October 10,2022

2. Herbs as Health Foods Herbs: Herb is a plant whose leaves, flowers, or seeds are used to flavor food, in medicines, or for their pleasant smell. Health Foods: The food that is believed to be good for you because it does not contain artificial chemicals or much sugar or fat. Alfalfa Synonyms: Lucerne or purple medic, Buffalo herb Biological source: lt is the dried whole herb of Medicago sativa; Family: Fabaceae Chemical constituents: lt contains saponins, coumarins, flavonoids, phytosterols, phytoestrogens, and alkaloids. It also contains calcium, potassium, phosphorous, iron, and vitamins A, C, E, and K, Asparagine, Coumestrol, Estrogens, Fructose, Malonic acid, Myristic acid, Stigmasterol, Triacontanol, Amino acids, Oxalic acid, Sucrose, Malic acid, Morphine, Palmitic acid, Salicylic acid Uses: It is often eaten as a garnish. It is used in the treatment of high cholesterol, diabetes,indigestion; asthma, arthritis (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis), upset stomach, excessive production of urine (diuresis), and excessive bruising or bleeding. It is used as flavouring agent, bactericidal, cardiotonic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue and oestrogenic. Apricot pits Synonyms: Amygdaloside, Apricot almonds, Apricot kernel oil, Apricot seed, Armeniaca vulgaris, Bitter almonds, Bitter apricot kernel, Chinese almond Biological source: It is the dried kernel of Prunus armeniaca; Family: Rosaceae Chemical constituents: It contains amygdalin, Malic and citric acids. It also contains Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Pantothenic Acid (B5), Vitamin E, Beta-carotene, Potassium, Lutein, fixed oil (Olein), Linolic acid, Volatile oil etc. Uses: Apricot is used for asthma, cough, constipation, bleeding, infertility, eye inflammation, spasm, and vaginal infections. In manufacturing, apricot oil is used in cosmetics. Ginkgo biloba Synonyms: Ginkgo, Kew tree, Maidenhair tree, Fossil tree Biological source: It is consist of leaves obtained from Ginkgo biloba; Family: Ginkgoaceae

3. Chemical constituents: It contains flavonol and flavone glycosides, lactone derivatives (ginkgolides), bilobalide, ascorbic acid, catechin, iron-based superoxide, 6-hydroxykinuretic acid, protocatechuic acid, shikimic acid, sterols and vanilic acid. Uses: It dementia, dizziness/vertigo, intermittent claudication, macular degeneration/glaucoma, memory loss, premenstrual syndrome, SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction, and as a vasodilator. It is also used for Alzheimer's disease, memory loss, headache, mood disturbances, and hearing disorders, Raynaud's syndrome, thinking disorders, (AMD), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, heart disease and heart complications, high cholesterol, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and bloody diarrhea,chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), schizophrenia, winter depression, mountain sickness and aging, asthma, allergies, bronchitis, and for disorders of the central nervous system. is used to treat altitude sickness, cerebral vascular insufficiency, cognitive disorders, diabetic eye disease, amacular degeneration Spirulina Synonyms: Blue-green algae, Cyanobacteria, Klamath Biological source: Spirulina is a cyanobacterium that can be found from two species of cyanobacteria: Arthrospira platensis and Arthrospira maxima; Family: Phormidiaceae Chemical constituents: It contains protein phycocyanin, sulfated polysaccharides, and γ-linolenic acid. It also contains Protein and Amino Acids, Carbohydrates, Minerals, Fats. Uses: It has Antioxidant, Anticancer, Immunomodulation and Anti-viral effects. It is used as food, source of dietary protein, B-vitamins, and iron. It is used deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), hay fever, diabetes, stress, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS), menopause, boosting the immune system, improving memory, increasing energy and metabolism, improving exercise performance, lowering cholesterol, preventing heart disease, healing wounds, and improving digestion and bowel health; high blood pressure, HIV/AIDS, cancer, fatty liver disease, hepatitis C, and arsenic poisoning, gum disease. for anemia, weight loss, attention Arnica Synonyms: Mountain daisy, Arnica flos, Leopard's bane, Mountain snuff, Mountain tobacco, Sneezewort. Biological source: The dried flower head of Arnica montana; Family: Asteraceae Chemical constituents: It contains essential oils, fatty acids, thymol, pseudoguaianolide sesquiterpene lactones (helenalin) and flavanone glycosides (luteolin, quercetin). It also contains 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene, cumene, thymol methyl ether, phenolcarbonic acids (chlorogenic acid), alkaloids (tussilagine). Uses: It is used in the treatment of sore mouth and throat, pain such as insect bites, bruising, muscle pain; vision problems, stroke, and for causing abortions; arthritis, muscle and cartilage pain, chapped

4. lips, and acne. It is used as flavouring agent. In manufacturing, arnica is used in hair tonics and anti-dandruff preparations. The oil is used in perfumes and cosmetics. Garlic Synonyms: Allium, Lasan (Hindi), Stinking rose, Poor man's treacle and heal-all, Rashoon, Ajo Biological Source: Garlic is the ripe bulb of Allium sativum; Family: Liliaceae Chemical Constituents: It contains allicin. It also contains allin, volatile and fatty oils, mucilage and albumin, essential oil (allyl propyl disulphide), amino acids (leucine, methionine, arginine, glutamic acid, asparagic acid), enzymes like-allinase. Uses: lt is used as carminative, aphrodisiac, expectorant, stimulant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, and antidiabetic. It used in the treatment of fevers, coughs, respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, whooping cough, and tuberculosis. It is also used in hypertension. killing worms, roundworm, heart and blood disorder; high cholesterol, heart attack, atherosclerosis; colon cancer, rectal cancer, stomach cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, and lung cancer; prostate cancer and bladder cancer; enlarged prostate, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, osteoarthritis, hayfever, flu, and swine flu; tick bites, mosquito repellant. Garlic is also used for earaches, chronic fatigue syndrome, menstrual disorders, abnormal cholesterol levels, hepatitis, shortness of breath, stomach ulcers, fibrocystic breast disease, treatment of headache, stomach ache, sinus congestion, gout, joint pain, hemorrhoids, shortness of breath, low blood sugar, snakebites, diarrhea, bloody urine, diphtheria, stomach inflammation (gastritis), scalp ringworm, vaginal trichomoniasis. scleroderma. Other uses include Onion Synonyms: Piaz, Oignon, Basal Biological source: The bulb of the Allium cepa; Family: Amaryllidaceae Chemical constituents: It contains allicin, quercetin, fisetin. Other sulphurous compounds diallyl disulphide and diallyl trisulphide. It also contain carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, polyphenols, kaempferol, vitamin B and C, saponin, phenolic acids and minerals, cyaniding glycosides, prostaglandins, catechol, diosgenin Uses: Onion is used for treating digestion problems (loss of appetite, upset stomach, and gallbladder disorders), for treating heart and blood vessel problems chest pain (angina) and high blood pressure, atherosclerosis; sore mouth and throat, whooping cough, bronchitis, asthma, dehydration, intestinal gas, parasitic worms, and diabetes; insect bites, wounds, light burns, boils, warts, and bruises. In foods, onion is used in many recipes.

5. Ginseng Synonyms: Devil’s shrub, ginseng, South China ginseng, American ginseng Hedera senticosa, Man-root, Siberian ginseng, , Wild pepper, Korean Biological source: It is the dried root of Eleutherococcus senticosus, Panax ginseng, Panax notoginseng, Panax quinquefolius; Family: Araliaceae Chemical constituents: It contains ginseng saponins, ginsenosides, gintonin, amino acids and peptides, essential oil, vitamins (B1, B2, B12, and C), folic acid, sterols, fatty acid, mineral substances, and trace elements, ginseng oils and phytosterol, carbohydrates and sugars, organic acids, nitrogenous substances, and certain enzymes. Uses: It has adaptogenic effect. It is used for heart and blood vessels disorders (high blood pressure, low blood pressure, atherosclerosis and rheumatic heart disease). It is also used for kidney disease, Alzheimer's disease, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), chronic fatigue syndrome, diabetes, high cholesterol, peripheral neuropathy, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, flu, colds, chronic bronchitis, and tuberculosis. In manufacturing, Siberian ginseng is added to skin care products (soaps, cosmetics). It is also used for HIV/AIDS, dysentery, gastritis, Anemia, diabetes, insomnia, nerve pain, erectile dysfunction (ED), fever, hangover symptoms, headaches, convulsions, memory loss, schizophrenia, neurasthenia; premature ejaculation, breast cancer and prevent ovarian cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, and skin cancer; swine flu, hangover; bleeding disorders, loss of appetite, vomiting, gallstones, bad breath, fibromyalgia, joint pain, hearing loss, convulsions, hot flashes due to menopause, wrinkled skin, and to slow the aging process. breast cancer, dizziness, Fenugreek Synonyms: Greek hay. Alholva, Bird's foot, Chandrika, Egypt fenugreek, Greek clover, Greek hay, Medhika, methini, methi, menthe Biological source: It consists of dried seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum; Family: Fabaceae Chemical constituents: It contains steroidal saponins (Trigofoeno-side A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. trigonelloside C, tenugrin B, trigogenin, yemogenin, diosgenin, and gitogenin), glycosides of diosgenin (graecunins A, B, C, H, I, J, K, L, M, and N), flavonoid compounds (quercetin, luteolin, vitexin, isovitexin, vicenin-1, and vicenin-2.), amino acids (4-hydroxyisoleucine). Coumarin derivatives (trigocoumarin, trigoforin, p-coumaric acid), alkaloids (trigonelline, carpaine). Uses: The seed and leaves are anticholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, carminative, demulcent, emollient, expectorant, febrifuge, galactogogue, hypoglycaemic, laxative, parasiticide, restorative, and uterine tonic. It is used in the treatment of inflammation and ulcers of the stomach and intestines; cancer therapy; oral contraceptives and sex hormones; digestive problems (loss of appetite, upset stomach, constipation, gastritis); diabetes, painful menstruation, polycystic ovary syndrome, and obesity; atherosclerosis; kidney ailments, beriberi, mouth ulcers, boils, bronchitis, cellulitis, tuberculosis, chronic coughs, chapped lips, baldness, cancer, Parkinson's disease, and exercise performance; hernia, erectile dysfunction (ED), male infertility, improving sexual interest, promoting milk flow; local pain and swelling (inflammation), muscle pain, pain and (lymphadenitis), pain in the

6. toes (gout), wounds, leg ulcers, and eczema; diabetes,hypercholesterolemia,hypertriglyceridemia. It is also used as a flavoring agent, poultice. In manufacturing, fenugreek extracts are used in soaps and cosmetics, spice blends. Sassafras Synonyms: Cinnamon wood, Mitten tree, Ague tree, Saloop Biological source: It is the dried inner root bark of Sassafras albidum; Family: Lauraceae Chemical constituents: It contains safrole, isosafrole, anethole, and eugenol. It contains isoquinoline like boldine, isoboldine, norboldine; volatile oils like safrole, anethole, apiole; caryophyllene, menthone, myristicin, pinene, phellandrene. Besides there are gum, mucilage, lignans, resin, sitosterol, starch, tannins and wax. Uses: It is also used as a tonic and blood purifier, flavouring agent, tea, repellent, pain killer, antiseptic; used as a fragrance in perfumes and soaps, food and for aromatherapy. It is used for urinary tract disorders, swelling in the nose and throat, syphilis, bronchitis, high blood pressure, gout, arthritis, skin problems, and cancer. It is used to treat skin problems, achy joints (rheumatism), swollen eyes, sprains, and insect bites or stings, killing germs and head lice. Honey Synonyms: Purified honey, Strained honey, Madhu Biological Source: Honey is a sugary secretion deposited by the honeybees Apis mellifera; Family: Apidae Chemical constituents: It contains glucose (30-40%), fructose (40-50%) and small amounts of sucrose (0.1-10%), dextrin, formic acid, volatile oil and pollen grains. In addition to these, traces of enzymes, vitamins, proteins, maltose, gums, trace elements, amino acids. Uses: Honey is used as sweetener, mild laxative, bactericidal, sedative, antiseptic and alkaline, vermicide, source of carbohydrate, fragrance and moisturizer. It is used for cold, cough, fever, sore eye and throat, tongue and duodenal ulcers, liver disorders, constipation, diarrhoea, kidney and other urinary disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis, marasmus, rickets, scurvy and insomnia; skin inflammation, pre-operative cancer, arteriosclerosis. Honey is an important ingredient of certain lotions, cosmetics, soaps, creams, balms, toilet-waters and inhalations. It is used as a medium in preservation of cornea. Honey is used for diabetes, cholesterol, asthma, and hay fever, tonsils, wound healing, burns and sunburns, skin lesions References 1. Text Book of Pharmacognosy by Mohammed All 2. Pharmacognosy by Varro E. Tyler - Lynn R. Brady - James E. Robbers 3. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy by William C Evans 4. Internet sources: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/; https://www.webmd.com/; https://www.rxlist.com/ https://www.britannica.com/;