Oceanography: Properties of Water

1. Oceanography: Properties of Water

2. Density of Water • Density - ____________________________________________________________________ • The equation for density is: D = ______ A substances mass to volume ratio or how many molecules are packed into a space. m v

3. increases • In most substances the density _______________ as the substance loses energy and the temperature _______________. • As the phase changes from a gas to a liquid to a solid the density _______________. decreases increases

4. Gas liquid • _______________ and _______________ water work this way. As they cool the particles get closer together and the density _________________. increases

5. _______________ water (ice) is different. The density of ice is actually __________ than liquid water. This is because the structure of solid water is a ______________ that spreads the molecules apart. (see page 492) Solid less **The density of liquid water is 1 g/cm3 and the density of solid water is .92 g/cm3 crystal lattice

6. This is what makes water so ______________ and what makes water ______________ to life on Earth. different important

7. Polarity of Water oxygen • Water is a _______________ molecule, which means that it has a ________ charge and a ________ charge. polar - + + positive + - negative hydrogen

8. Hydrogen • The polarity allows water to create ____________________ bonds between individual molecules. This is what makes water so _____________ and why water has such a high boiling point. sticky

9. 0° C • Water freezes at _________ Water boils at ___________ • Liquid water exists between __________ • This is also what makes water so ______________ and what makes water ______________ to life on Earth. 100° C 0°-100° C different important

10. polarity ions • Water’s _____________ also allows it to interact with other substances called _________. • ____________ increase the density of water and change the temperatures at which they freeze and boil. • When ions are dissolved in water the boiling point ___________________ and the freezing point __________________ ions Increases (~100.3°) Decreases (~-2°)

11. Why Is Water Different Than Most Other Substances? • It is the only polar molecule known • It expands when turning into a solid • Its molecules get closer together when it condenses

12. Why Does Water Take So Much Energy To Heat Up? • All of the molecules are bonded by hydrogen bonds • All of the molecules are bonded by covalent bonds • It is very dense • It doesn’t – it heats up faster than land

13. Why Do People Put Salt On Streets When It Snows? • It keeps the snow from falling on the streets • It makes the water on the streets freeze at a higher temperature • It makes the water on the streets freeze at a lower temperature

14. Oceanography: Properties of Ocean Water

15. Average Depth of Ocean vs. Average Elevation of Land(Draw What You See…)

16. Properties of Ocean Water > 70 • _______ % of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans. The average depth of the ocean is more than ____________ greater than the average elevation on land. • Five Oceans 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. four times Pacific Atlantic Indian Arctic Southern (Antarctic)

17. Sodium Chloride Magnesium Sulfate Calcium Sulfate Na+Cl- Mg2+SO42- Ca2+SO42- Components of SeawaterThe most common dissolved solids in seawater are:

18. Components of Seawater Some other ions that are found in seawater are: • Carbonate CO3- (builds shells) • Gold Au+ • Uranium U+ • Bromine Br-

19. Components of Seawater • The ion that is most abundant in seawater is ______________ • Carbonate ( ) is a way that ____________ is stored in the ocean chloride, Cl- CO3- carbon

20. Salinity of Seawater Salinity • ____________ is a measurement of the dissolved ____________ in sea water. Solids (salts) CDT measures conductivity, temperature and depth

21. Average Salinity of Seawater The average salinity of seawater is _______________. • This means that for every _______g of salts there is ______g of water. • _________: parts per thousand • _________: parts per hundred (percentage) 35 o/oo 35 1000 o/oo o/o

22. What is the average percentage of dissolve solids in the ocean? • (Part over whole) _______ x 100 = % • Because ______ % is an average it can vary: • _______________ stay close to the average salinity. • _________________ tend to vary above and below the average salinity. 35 3.5 1000 3.5 Deep Waters Surface Waters

23. Examples of variations at the upper (surface) levels of water

24. Examples of variations at the upper (surface) levels of water

25. Examples of variations at the upper (surface) levels of water

26. Measuring Salinity • The two ways to measure salinity: 1. 2. • Which way is more efficient? _____________________. Evaporation Conductivity Conductivity

27. Measuring Salinity • It is important to measure salinity along with ________________ in order to track _________________. • Water does not stay in one place it will move due to changes in _______________. temperature ocean currents density

28. Changes in Density

29. Changes in Density

30. What Percentage Of The Earth’s Surface Is Ocean? • 70% • 30% • 90% • 50% • 1% • 100%

31. What Is The Most Abundant Dissolved Solid In Seawater? • Gold • Uranium • Sodium Chloride • Magnesium Sulfate

32. What Is The Average Salinity Of The Oceans? • 3.5% • 35 parts per 1000 • 35% • 1 and 2 • 1, 2, and 3

33. Which Part Of The Ocean Has A More Stable Salinity? • Shallow Water • Deep Water

34. What Drives Surface Currents? • Fish Swimming • Differences In Density Due To Salinity and Temperature • Wind

35. What Drives Density Currents? • Fish Swimming • Differences In Density Due To Salinity and Temperature • Wind

36. What Is The Least Dense Water? • Hot, Fresh Water • Cold, Fresh Water • Room Temperature Fresh Water • Room Temperature Salt Water • Cold, Salty Water • Hot, Salty Water

37. What Is The Most Dense Water? • Hot, Fresh Water • Cold, Fresh Water • Room Temperature Fresh Water • Room Temperature Salt Water • Cold, Salty Water • Hot, Salty Water

38. Demonstration • Draw the test tube and label the layers I put in.