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Table of contents. JM. Piau Premium pavements from alternative material for European roads – Keynotes 3 F. Sinis Premium pavements from alternative material for European roads – What is the situation? 15 K. Krass The need for environmental assessment to promote sustainability 33

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  1. Table of contents JM. Piau Premium pavements from alternative material for European roads – Keynotes 3 F. Sinis Premium pavements from alternative material for European roads – What is the situation? 15 K. Krass The need for environmental assessment to promote sustainability 33 D. François General assessment methodology for best use of alternative materials 49 H.Van der Sloot Comments to the assessment method - Environmental Part 77 S. Boetcher Prototype environmental annex to product standard 89 B. Koenders Health, Safety, Environmental assessment 105 S. Colwell Reaction to fire performance of pavement materials 121 E. Nielsen Mechanical Assessment Towards functional specification irrespective of type of material (Modelling) 131 C Nicholls Implications of asphalt deformation results for standardisation 135 S Soliman Techniques for recycling 151

  2. Premium pavements from alternative materials for European RoadsSAMARIS final seminar Keynotes Jean-Michel PIAU Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées SAMARIS Pavement Stream scientific coordinator

  3. Recycling: a multi-facet world Recycling in pavement construction : a generic wording and a complex world covering at least 4 different situations • Proper recycling of road materials (untreated, bituminous, cement materials) • without change of function • Ex: Base course materials  base course materials • with change of function • Ex: wearing course materials  base course materials • In place or after storage • Re-use of initially non road materials • Ex: demolition concrete from buildings, scrap tyres,… • First use of materials • Ex: industrial by-products, waste material (MSWI),…

  4. Main alternative materials considered in SAMARIS • Industrial by-products • Slags • Steel slag (basic oxygen and electric arc) • Air cooled blast furnace slag • Ground granulated blast furnace slag • Coal bottom ash • Coal fly ash • Foundry sand • “Waste” products (before re-use) • Mining waste rock (colliery spoil) • Building demolished by-products • Municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash • Waste glass • Scrap tyres

  5. Potential Advantages • Adequacy of Recycling with the general objectives of Sustainable Development Policy • Pav. Const. needs important quantity of “granular” materials • Spare of natural resources • Reduction of existing stockpiles • Diminution of the storage of new wastematerials • Less transport of materials (especially, in the case of in place recycling) : save of energy, less damage to roads, increase of road safety,… • Possibility of economical savings

  6. Difficulties & Potential Dangers A priori Recycling involves a wide diversity of materials, generally less well controlled and known than standard ones. Those ones must be: • No detrimental to the environment and the health at short term, especially for workers on job site • No detrimental to environment and health at long term, especially to ground water • In accordance with the expected performance of the structure: • Durability • Properties of the wearing course - skid resistance,…

  7. Complementary approaches to solve the problems • International bibliographic study (and transposition)  SAMARIS states of the art & guides, gathering European experiences • Field experiments at limited scale  Not covered by SAMARIS

  8. Complementary approaches to solve the problems • International bibliographic study (and transposition)  SAMARIS states of the art & guides, gathering European experiences • Field experiments at limited scale  Not covered by SAMARIS • Global performantial assessment of alternative materials at lab scale, covering : • Environmental and health aspects • Mechanical performance & durability aspects • Choice of the best application as a function of the material and context  Main focus of SAMARIS pavement stream • Pre-treatment of alternative materials before road application • Sorting , Homogenization, Deactivation, … • …

  9. Elaboration of alternative materials Industrial process (WP6 : Francisco Sinis) D12 Technical guide for the recycling of the main generic families of alternative materials (WP6) D5,D15,D29 General assessment methodology for the best use of alternative materials Concept of use-scenario (WP3: Denis François) D4, D9, D16 Detailed assessment of environmental, health and safety aspects Draft to environmental annexes to standard products (WP4: Cliff Nicholls) D7,D23,D24 D8,D20 (fire) Assessment of mechanical performances in lab Performantial approach of permanent deformation in UBM & AM (WP5: Erik Nielsen) D6,D10,D11, D27,D28

  10. SAMARIS deliverables (1/3) • Elaboration of alternative materials D12: Recommendations for mixing plants for recycling works * • General assessment methodology D4: Report on existing specific national regulations applied to material recycling D9: Critical analysis of European documents D16: Report on a methodology for assessing the possibility to re-use alternative materials in road construction *

  11. SAMARIS deliverables (2/3) Assessment of environment, safety & health aspects D7:SoA on test methods for the detection of hazardous components in road materials to be recycled D23: Test methods for the detection of hazardous components* D24: Environmental annex to road product standards* D8: Review of road authorities’positions on reaction to fire of pavement materials D20: Testing procedure for reaction to fire of pavement materials*

  12. SAMARIS deliverables (3/3) Assessment of permanent deformation in UBM & asphalt materials D6 :Data base and reference full scale tests D10: Models for prediction of permanent deformation of unbound granular materials in flexible pavements D11: Models for prediction of rutting in bituminous surface layers D27/D28: Calibration and validation report for modelling of permanent deformation of unbound (D27) and bituminous (D28) materials in flexible pavements and recommendations for the definition of performance-based specifications* Technical guide for the recycling of the main alternative materials D5: Literature review on recycling of by-products in road construction in Europe D15: Report on the situation on recycling in Central European countries D29: Technical guide on techniques of recycling*

  13. Precision about performantial approaches for road material assessment • In terms of road material design, the current practice is based on a mixed approach between : • recipe approach • performantial approach • Recipe approach • Based on material components (ex: fine, sand, granulates, binder,…) • Components specifications • Mix design based on the mass or volumetric content of the different components • Intensive use of empirical relationships fitted by feed-back from field observation Adapted to standard, well-known (natural) materials and formulae • Performantial approach • Rather based on the direct assessment of the materials themselves • Try use as much as possible material models and structural models, for the prediction of the material behaviour within the structure Better adapted to innovation and to the introduction of a wide diversity of materials • The difference between recipe and performantial approaches can be extended to other characterisations than the mechanical one: environment, health,…

  14. Premium pavements from alternative materials for European roadsWhat is the situation? Francisco Sinis Transport Research Centre of CEDEX

  15. Towards a sustainable development • growing commitment to preserve the environment making it compatible with social and economic development • United Nations conference (1992) • declaration of Rio (1992): Sustainable development • action programme for a worldwide environmental policy • European Union • treaty of the union (art. 2): SD as ispiring objective for every member state • in 2001 was approved the strategy for sustainable development in the European Union • implementation at national level

  16. Alternative materials in road construction • road construction • important quantities of material from natural sources • gradual degradation of the environment. • adequate management of waste materials • growing concern • EU waste policy • influence in the national enviromental legislation • priority of re-utilisation and recycling • EN harmonised standards • references to the use of some alternative materials as aggregates in road construction

  17. Recycling in Europe:OECD report 1997

  18. Recycling in Europe:OECD report 1997

  19. Recycling in Europe:OECD report 1997

  20. Changes in the European situation • EU waste legislation and policy • development of the construction product directive(CD 89/106/CE) • generalization of recycling road by-products • incorporation of new countries to the UE

  21. Changes in the European situation EU waste legislation: • framework legislation • waste framework directive (Dir.75/442/EEC) • hazardous waste directive (Dir. 91/689/EEC) • waste shipment regulation (C.Reg.(ECC) 259/93) • waste treatment operations • incineration (C.Dir. 2000/76/EC) • landfill (C.Dir. 1999/31/EC) • recycling • waste streams • different directives (Related to: waste oils, titanium dioxide, sewage sludge, PCBs, restriction of hazardous substances, mining waste, etc.)

  22. Changes in the European situation EU waste new policy: Sixth environment action programme • adopted by EP&C in 2002- runs until 2012 • requires ec to prepare thematic strategies on seven areas: • air pollution • prevention and recycling of waste (21/12/2005 com) • protection and conservation of the marine environment • soil • sustainable use of pesticides • sustainable use of resourses • urban environment

  23. Changes in the European situation Development of CD 89/106/CE • EU construction products directive 89/106/CEE • harmonized en standards • origin: EC mandates to CEN • mandatory character when referred to products and performance tests • existing on road pavement construction aggregates: • EN 12620: Aggregates for concrete • EN 13043: Aggregates for bituminous mixtures and surface treatments for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas. • EN 13242: Aggregates for unbound and hydraulically bound material for use in civil engineering work and road construction. • references to some alternative materials

  24. Changes in the European situation Generalization of recycling roads by-products: • great development of recycling road pavements in the last decade • alternative to consider in pavement rehabilitation • PIARC working group • hot mix asphalt recycling in plant • cold in-place recycling with emulsion or foamed bitumen • in situ recycling with cement • these techniques are considered as routine in many countries and are included in its specifications for highway works

  25. Changes in the European situation Incorporation of new countries to the UE: • 1957 TRATIES OF ROME (6): Belgium, West Germany, Luxemburg, France, Italy and the Netherlands. • 1973 (6 to 9): Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom. • 1981(9 to 10): Greece. • 1986 (10 to 12): Spain and Portugal. • 1992 THE MAASTRICHT TREATY CREATED THE EU • 1995 (12 to 15): Austria, Finland and Sweden. • 2004 (15 to 25): Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia

  26. Situation in CEEC countries • increase in mobility and goods distribution • improvement of the road network • possibilities to recycling techniques • SAMARIS deliverable D15 • review of the situation of road and non-road by-products recycling in ceecs • based on a similar questionnaire to that of oecd • coordinators of the works: • Brno University of Technology from the Czech Republic • Road and Bridge Research Institute from Poland • surveyed countries (10): • Belarus (BY), Bulgaria (BG), Czech Republic (CZ), Hungary (H), Poland (PL), Romania (RO), Russia (RUS), Slovakia (SK), Slovenia (SLO) and Ukraine (UA).

  27. Situation in CEEC countries

  28. Situation in CEEC countries Recycling road-by products Conclusions • recycling techniques are known • better situation in central european countries • only one recycling method in some countries • often do not exist appropiate specifications • road authorities are not well informed • new technologies introduced by private companies (trial sections)

  29. Situation in CEEC countries recycling non-road-by products CONCLUSIONS • only few by-products are widely used: • blast furnace and steel slags (granular or stabilized bases, backfills and embankments) • fly ash (stabilized bases and embankments) • mining waste rock (embankments,landscaping and backfills) • the use of other by-products are almost unkown. • lack of funds for research in new technologies • lack of interest from road authorities

  30. How to improve the situation? Barriers • vary from one country to other • examples of barriers • no difficulties for waste disposal • environmental considerations • financial and economic reasons • lack of adequate information on long-term perfomance of alternative materials • lack of standard requirements concerning recycling • lack of knowledge of all potential applications

  31. How to improve the situation? Solutions: • increase and improve existing legislation: • restrictive regulations: • to reduce waste production • to control waste disposal • encouraging sorting,recycling and reuse • include the use of alternative materials in contracts • increase research and demonstration projects • increase transfer of knowledge among countries SAMARIS project guide on techniques for recyclingin pavement structures

  32. The need for environmental assessment to promote sustainability Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus Krass Ruhr-University Bochum

  33. The need for environmental assessment to promote sustainability Work Package 4, entitled “Safety and Environmental Concerns in Material Specifications”, is a part of the pavement stream and primarily concentrates on addressing safety and environmental aspects in product standards.

  34. The need for environmental assessment to promote sustainability Task 4.3 is entitled “Environmental Annexes to Product Standards”. The aim of task 4.3 is to make proposals how environmental sustainability requirements of road materials could be included in the European Product Standards for road materials in form of an annex.

  35. The need for environmental assessment to promote sustainability Justification is derived from the goal of the European Commission to incorporate environmental requirements into the second generation of the European Product Standards for construction materials according to the essential requirement “Hygiene, health and environment”.

  36. The need for environmental assessment to promote sustainability This subject was not a part of the mandates for the different construction materials that have been standardised so far. Therefore the present first generation of European standards for road materials doesnot include any regulations concerning environmental specifications.

  37. The need for environmental assessment to promote sustainability In relation to the construction materials, the main focus of task 4.3 was on recyclable materials and industrial by-products which can be used as aggregates for unbound and bound mixtures. That means: For natural aggregates, the environmental compatibility is given by default. There is no need for further testing.

  38. The need for environmental assessment to promote sustainability Concerning industrial by-products and recycled materials, it has to be ascertained whether very different experience has been gained with the application of these materials in different European countries. In any case, the requirements for these materials do vary significantly.

  39. The need for environmental assessment to promote sustainability In addition to the input from WP 4, input has been derived from other Work Packages of this project, particularly from WP 3 dealing with the assessment of alternative materials.

  40. The need for environmental assessment to promote sustainability Concerning recyclable materials, it was found to be advisable to deal not only with mineral construction waste but also to deal separately with bitumen-bound material (reclaimed asphalt) and with tar-bound materials. Tar, especially coal tar and other tar distillates, was used as a binder in the past in many European countries because its hazard was not so well known at that time.

  41. The need for environmental assessment to promote sustainability According to EN 13108-8, reclaimed asphalt is “asphalt, not containing tar, reclaimed by milling of asphalt road layers, by crushing of plates torn up from asphalt pavements or lumps from asphalt plates and asphalt from surplus production”.

  42. The need for environmental assessment to promote sustainability However, there is no European standard for tar bound reclaimed road material which can be defined as: • material containing tar, and possibly bitumen as well, that is reclaimed by milling of bound road layers, by crushing of plates torn up from bound pavements or lumps from bound plates. Due to higher air pollution by heating tar bound reclaimed road material, this material can only be used in cold mixed base layers and sub-bases with bitumen and/or cement as the binder. This application too needs further examination for environmental reasons.

  43. The need for environmental assessment to promote sustainability Starting from the considerations discussed above, some typical drafts for environmental annexes to product standards have been developed, later on represented here by Sabine Boetcher.

  44. The need for environmental assessment to promote sustainability Mandate M/ 366 of EC to CEN for Horizontal TC Development of horizontal standardised assessment methods for harmonised approaches relating to dangerous substances under Construction Products Directive (CPD) • Emission to indoor air, soil, surface water and ground water

  45. The need for environmental assessment to promote sustainability The EC expects that the response to this mandate shall consist of a comprehensive package of technical reports and of measurement/test standards that are manageable and user-friendly for regulators, product technical specification writers, writers of ETA etc.

  46. The need for environmental assessment to promote sustainability Therefore it is obvious that our proposals for annexes to the standards shall include no threshold values. That means for the time being: Provisions valid at the place of use can be used to assess the suitability of recycled or industrially produced aggregates.

  47. The need for environmental assessment to promote sustainability Concerning our work, the hope remains that such environmental annexes will expand into the next generation of road product standards in order to enforce the safety and to promote the sustainability when dealing with industrial by-products and recycled materials.

  48. General assessment methodology for best usage of alternative materials Denis FRANÇOIS Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées - France

  49. Content • Introduction • Objective • Approach • Results • Conclusions

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