Unit 11: Ch 29-31

1. Unit 11: Ch 29-31 Cold War – Modern Day History

2. Reform and Protest in the 1960s • How did social and political changes in the 1960s contribute to growing criticism of the postwar consensus that had emerged in the 1950s?

3. United States vs. Russia

4. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

5. The Hungarian Uprising: 1956 Imre Nagy, HungarianPrime Minister • Promised free elections. • This could lead to the end of communist rule in Hungary.

6. Sputnik I (1957) The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!

7. Nixon-Khrushchev“Kitchen Debate”(1959) Cold War ---> Tensions <--- Technology & Affluence

8. U-2 Spy Incident (1960) Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.

9. Paris, 1961 Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.

10. Ich bin ein Berliner!(1963) President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!

11. Khruschev Embraces Castro,1961

12. Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

13. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

14. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

15. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

16. Cuban Missle Crisis

17. 4th French Republic: 1945-1958 • Democratic, but politically unstable • [27 governments!] • Universal suffrage. • Weak President; powerful legislature • Many political parties [coalition governments] • Failure to gracefully leave Indochina. • Botched the Suez War. • Failed to settle the Algerian Crisis.

18. The Suez Crisis: 1956-1957

19. Suez Crisis • The Suez Crisis (1956) – • Nasser nationalized the foreign-owned Suez Canal Company, • the British and the French planned a military invasion, • the Israeli Army invaded the Sinai peninsula, • United States forced the British, the French, and the Israelis to back down, • showing that the European powers could no longer maintain their global empires.

20. Vietnam War: 1965-1973

21. US and Vietnam • 1954- Vietnam won independence from France • Eisenhower refused to sign the Geneva Accords (temporarily divided the country into socialist north and anticommunist south) • South Vietnamese gov. refused free elections for unification= US sends south military aid • JFK sends 16,000 “military advisers” • LBJ sends ½ mil troops and military aid • Undeclared war on public television split the US • Antiwar movements quickly emerged on college campuses • 1968- Vietcong Tet Offensive: showed the war was not close to ending (like Wash. DC had claimed) • Nixon suspended the draft and cut forces from 550,000 to 24,000 in 4 years • 1973- peace agreement signed with NV to withdraw US forces but resume bombing if accords were broken • 1975- NV invaded SV; US refused military response and after more than 35 years of battle the country was united under a communist dictatorship

22. 5th French Republic(1958-Present) • Powerful President.* first: Charles DeGaulle • Weak Cabinet. • Weakened legislature. • Separation of powers.

23. DeGaulle’s Achievements • Settled the Algerian Crisis. • Made France a nuclear power. • Sustained general prosperity. • Maintained a stable, democratic government. • Made France more politically independent. BUT, late ’60s student unrest and social changes challenged him. In 1969 he resigned & died of a heart attack in 1970.

24. Governments around the world: • GB- Labour Party • Denmark, Norway, and Sweden- Social Democratic parties • Western Germany had Willy Brandt elected as the first Social Democratic West German chancellor (party ruled until 1982)

25. UK- Clement Attlee & the LabourParty: 1945-1951 • Limited socialist program[modern welfare state]. • Natl. Insurance Act • Natl. Health Service Act • Nationalized coal mines, public utilities, steel industry, the Bank of England, RRs, motor transportation, and aviation. • Social insurance legislation: “Cradle-to-Grave” security. • Socialized medicine  free national health care.

26. Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-1951 • Britain is in a big debt! • The beginning of the end of the British Empire. • India – 1947 • Palestine – 1948 • Kenya  Mau Mauuprising - 1955

27. India and Gandhi • India – Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) • India gained independence in 1947 from the British. • Muslim leaders called for partition into separate Hindu and Muslim states. • The states of Pakistan and India were created, more than 500,000 died, and 10 million became refugees. • Pakistan, an Islamic republic, became a U.S. ally, while India, a socialist-friendly democratic state, pursued a policy of nonalignment.

28. Churchill Returns: 1951-1955 He never really tried to destroy the “welfare state” established by Attlee’s government.

29. Social Democrats • Détente- progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions • USSR and US still conflicting but western Europe took major steps toward genuine peace along the iron curtain

30. Italy After WW II • Alcide de Gasperi was Italy’s P.M. from 1948-1953 • Coalition governments [short and unstable!]

31. The Federated Republic of Germany • Created in 1949 withthe capital at Bonn. • Its army limited to12 divisions [275,000]. • Konrad Adenauer, aChristian Democrat,was its 1st President. • Coalition of moderates and conservatives. • Pro-Western foreign policy. • German “economic miracle.” • “Father of Modern Germany.”

32. Ostpolitick (eastern policy) • Dec. 1970- Brandt flies to Poland and signs treaty of reconciliation • Visits monument of Warsaw’s Jewish ghetto and laid a wreath at the tomb of a Polish unknown soldier “I wanted to ask pardon in the name of our people for a million-fold crime which was committed in the misused name of the Germans”

33. “Two German states within one German nation” • Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) • German Democratic Republic (East Germany) • 1945- west refused to recognize the communist east; west also refused to accept the loss of German territory ceded to Poland and the USSR • 1961- Brandt negotiated treaties with USSR, Poland, and Czechoslovakia that formally accepted existing state boundaries; asked for modest practical improvements rather than reunification

34. Final Act of the Helsinki Conference (1975) • US, Canada, USSR, all European nations (except Albania and Andorra) • Agreed that Europe’s existing political frontiers couldn’t be changed by force • Accepted provisions guaranteeing human rights and political freedoms of their citizens • East still continued to curtail certain domestic freedoms and violate human rights guarantees but it maintained international peace

35. Reform at home • Socialism vs. Social Democracy: • Unlike socialism, Social Dem. had capitalist free markets and democratic elections • State run welfare- health care, education, old-age insurance, and public housing

36. Cold War Tensions Thaw • Age of Affluence: wealth and prosperity of the 60s, compared to the previous 50 years of war and destruction • Center-right Christian Democrats- • shaped attitude during Cold War • Free-market economics with limited state intervention • Welfare provisions

37. Affluent Society • Consumer society • Labor saving devices- vacuums, refrigerators, washing machines, etc. • Studies showed women spent MORE time cleaning with these new devices compared to before • “The Supermarket Revolution” p 964 • Increase in mass travel and tourism

38. Critics of the age of affluence • Rampant consumerism created a bland conformity • Wipe out regional and national traditions • Undermined intellectual activity • Sapping creativity and individualism • Americanize European culture • Family ties and religious doctrine lost ground- openness in Catholic theology and mass said in local language (rather than latin)

39. Counterculture Movement • Baby boom generation grew up in an era of political liberalism and unprecedented material affluence • Worried about the growing conformity of consumer society • Drew inspiration from the US civil rights movement • Public demonstrations, sit-ins, bus boycotts • Civil Rights Act of 1964- prohibited discrimination in public services and on the job • Voting Rights Act of 1965- guaranteed all African Americans the right to vote

40. University of California- Berkeley • 1964-1965: demonstrations and sit-ins to challenge limits on free speech and academic freedom • New Left- mvmt. of students in the West who wanted simpler, purer societies based on updated romanticized version of Marxism • Stalin did it wrong and capitalism wasn’t much better • Attacked conformity of consumer society

41. Sexual Revolution • Discussion about sexuality in general • Engage in pre-marital sex • Growing acceptance of homosexuality • Kinsey study at IU • “the pill” was on the market in the 60s but millions of women were taking it across Western society by the 70s • “free love”- argued that it moved people beyond traditional norms and might also form the foundation of a more humane society

42. Sexual Revolution exaggerated • 1968 German college student poll: • Majority wished to establish permanent families on traditional middle-class models • 1973- 4.5% of West German youths born in 45 -46 had experienced sexual relations before age 17; 32% born 53-54 • “the 68ers” (European 60s generation)- using drugs was a way to break free from conventional morals • Music of the Beatles, Rolling Stones, etc. • “swinging London”- famous for clothing boutiques and record stores

43. Student Revolts 1968 • Vietnam = worldwide opposition • US was fighting an immoral and imperialistic war against a small and heroic people • Counterculture became more radical • Rioting after the assassination of MLK • Antiwar demonstrators battle police at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago • Police in Mexico City shot and killed several hundred protestors calling for political reform • Students in Tokyo demonstrated against the war in Vietnam • Europe and the East Bloc • Marches in Prague, Warsaw, etc

44. Student Riots in Paris(May, 1968) Page 968

45. 1960s in the East Bloc • 1961- Berlin Wall built • Economies lagged behind the West • Two showed moderate success: • Hungary’s New Economic Mechanism- • Break up monopolies • Allowed some private retail stores • Encouraged private agriculture • East Germany’s Economic System (1963) • Limited privatization • Reversed when the gov. returned to centralization in the late 1960s

46. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961) CheckpointCharlie

47. East Bloc Cultural freedoms • Bitterfield Movement- E. Germany encouraged intellectuals to take a more critical view of life in the East Bloc (couldn’t oppose communism itself) • Christa Wolf’s Divided Heaven main character stays in E. Germany to help build socialism • Samizdat- “self-published” underground literature movement critical of communism

48. “Prague Spring” (1968)- page 969 Former Czech President, Alexander Dubček Communism with a human face!

49. “Prague Spring” Dashed! Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Vaclav Havel—future president of a free Czech Republic].

50. Brezhnev Doctrine • USSR and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need • 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia is crucial example of Brezhnev era • Result = Only the threat of USSR military was holding the East Bloc together