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Organic Chemistry – Diagrams and Isomers

Organic Chemistry – Diagrams and Isomers. Chemical Formula Structural Formula Isomers – structural Isomers - geometrical. Chemical Formula – Revision. You multiply anything in the brackets . Subscript numbers tell us how many of each atom/bracket we have .

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Organic Chemistry – Diagrams and Isomers

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  1. Organic Chemistry – Diagrams and Isomers Chemical Formula Structural Formula Isomers – structural Isomers - geometrical

  2. Chemical Formula – Revision You multiply anything in the brackets Subscript numbers tell us how many of each atom/bracket we have Each capital letter means an element • Just a quick reminder: Pb(NO3)2 • In organic chemistry, because we are dealing with non-metal compounds, we can also call them molecular formulae. Organic chemicals can be named in exactly the same ways but because the components can be rearranged in many different ways we need a bit more detail. For example: C6H12O6 could be glucose or about 100 other chemicals depending on how it is arranged

  3. Structural Formula • Structural formulae (many formula) show how the carbon atoms are arranged and what else they are attached to. There are two types of structural formulae: • Structural formula – this is the normal way a structural formula is written. It shows every bond, represented as a line e.g. • Condensed structural formula – this version has the lines missing. It takes up less room, is easier to type, but it can get confusing if you have a complex organic molecule e.g. CH3CH2CHClCH3

  4. Isomers - Structural • As mentioned earlier, two chemicals may have the same molecular formula but they may be two completely different chemicals. In the case we call them isomers. • There are a number of different sorts of isomers. The first we will look at are structural isomers. • Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but there atoms are arranged differently – so that they have different structures. • Let’s take this chemical for example: C6H14. We know it as hexane, but hexane can have many different structures:

  5. Isomers – Geometrical I • Bonds can rotate freely meaning that an organic molecule, like an alkane, can bend an rotate forming many different types of shapes. But no matter what rotation the bonds undergo they are still the same molecule, with the same structure • Double bonds cannot rotate freely. This mean that we can form molecules with the same chemical formulae that are almost identical • Spot the differences (if any) in the four chemicals below:

  6. Isomers – Geometrical II • In the previous example we had three chemicals that would have to be given the same name (1,2 dichloro ethane). In fact two of those molecules were identical. But, there were two different types of ‘1,2 dichloro ethanes’. One type had the chlorines on the same side, the other had them on opposite sides. • This leads to how we name these geometrical isomers, once again with a prefix • Different sides = trans(like transport moves stuff to different ports) • Same side = cis (like ….?) trans 1,2 dichloro ethane cis 1,2 dichloro ethane trans 1,2 dichloro ethane cis 1,2 dichloro ethane

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