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IP Addressing

IP. IP Addressing. Introducing IP Addresses. IP stands for Internet Protocol . Primary Purpose – enable communications An IP Address is a number that UNIQUELY identifies every host on an IP network. IP Addresses operate at the Network Layer of the OSI Model & TCP/IP protocol stack.

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IP Addressing

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  1. IP IP Addressing

  2. Introducing IP Addresses • IP stands for Internet Protocol. • Primary Purpose – enable communications • An IP Address is a number that UNIQUELY identifies every host on an IP network. • IP Addresses operate at the Network Layer of the OSI Model & TCP/IP protocol stack.

  3. Introducing IP Addresses • Networks and Hosts • 32-bit IP address (IPv4) consists of two parts: • BINARY *** • Network ID (Network Address) • Identifies the network on which a host can be found • Host ID (Host Address) • Identifies a specific device on the network identified • IPv6 uses 128-bit IP Addresses

  4. Binary Numbering

  5. Introducing IP Addresses • Dotted Decimal - format IP Addresses are usually represented in • 11000000101010001000100000011100 • divide into four octets • 11000000 10101000 10001000 00011100 • Convert binary octet to decimal • 192 168 136 28 • periods separate four decimal numbers • 192.168.136.28 • w .x .y .z

  6. Classifying IP Addresses • The first four bits of an IP Address are used to determine which class an address fits • If the first bit is a 0, Class A • If the first bit is 1 and the second bit is 0, Class B • If the first two bits are 1 and the third bit is 0, Class C • If the first three bits are 1 and the fourth bit is 0, Class D (Multicast) • If the first four bits are all 1, Class E (Reserved)

  7. Classifying IP Addresses • Network ID (n) andHost ID (h) • Class A - • 0nnnnnnn hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh • Class B - • 10nnnnnn nnnnnnnn hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh • Class C - • 110nnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn hhhhhhhh • Class D – Multicast • 1110 (remaining bits are for the address that interested hosts recognize) • Class E – Experimental • 1111

  8. Classifying IP Addresses

  9. Network ID Guidelines • The network ID must be unique to the IP internetwork. If you plan on having a direct routed connection to the public Internet, the network ID must be unique to the Internet. If you do not plan on connecting to the public Internet, the local network ID must be unique to your private internetwork. • The network ID cannot begin with the number 127. The number 127 in a class A address is reserved for internal loopback functions.

  10. Network ID Guidelines • All bits within the network ID cannot be set to 0. All 0's in the network ID are used to denote a specific host on the local network and are not routed. • All bits within the network ID cannot be set to 1. All 1's in the network ID are reserved for use as an IP broadcast address.

  11. Host ID Guidelines • The host ID must be unique to the network ID. • All bits within the host ID cannot be set to 1 because this host ID is reserved as a broadcast address to send a packet to all hosts on a network. • All bits in the host ID cannot be set to 0 because this host ID is reserved to denote the IP network ID.

  12. Class Ranges of Host IDs

  13. Subnetting Subnets & Subnet Masks

  14. Subnets • A Subnet is a network that falls within a Class A, B, or C network. • Subnets are created by using one or more of the Class A, B, or C host bits to extend the network ID.

  15. Subnet Masks • In order for subnetting to work, a router must be told which portion of the host ID should be used for the subnet network ID. • Accomplished by using a 32-bit Subnet Mask • IP Address bits that represent the Network ID are represented by a 1 in the mask, and those bits that represent the Host ID appear as 0 in the mask.

  16. Subnet Masks A subnet mask always begins with a consecutive sequence of ones to indicate which bits to use for the Network ID followed by a consecutive sequence of zeros indicating bits used for the Host ID.

  17. Network Prefix Notation • Network Prefix Notation: • IP Address /<# of bits> • <# of bits> • The number of bits that define the network ID • Also referred to as CIDR • Classless InterDomain Routing notation

  18. Default Subnet Masks • Class Binary Dotted Network Decimal Prefix • A 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.0 /8 • B 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.0 /16 • C 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0 /24

  19. Binary Octet 00000000 10000000 11000000 11100000 11110000 11111000 11111100 11111110 11111111 Decimal 0 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255 The Subnet Octet Values

  20. Binary Numbering

  21. IP, Subnet and Gateway Addresses • IP, Subnet and Gateway Addresses • IP Address - Must be unique • Subnet Mask - Determines which part of the IP address is the network and host ID’s • Default Gateway - The path to a “remote” network • IP and Subnet Mask addresses are required. • Default Gateway is optional

  22. Static and Dynamic Addressing • Static Addressing - All configuration information is entered manually on each workstation. • Dynamic Addressing - Tools like BootP or DHCP are used to centrally manage and configure TCP/IP clients.

  23. Other IP Addresses • PRIVATE • Class A • 10.x.y.z • Class B • 172.16-31.y.z • Class C • 192.168.0-255.z

  24. Other IP Addresses • APIPA • Automatic Private IP Address • Results when a client cannot contact a DHCP server • 169.254.y.z • Local Host / Loopback • 127.0.0.1

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