Table of Contents

1. Table of Contents • Body Organization and Homeostasis • The Skeletal System • Diagnosing Bone and Joint Injuries • The Muscular System • The Skin

2. Section 1: Body Organization and Homeostasis • Think about how many parts of your body are involved in getting and eating your lunch • Your body is always busy and each part of the body has a specific job to do • All parts of your body work together so smoothly that you don’t even notice it • The smooth function of the body is due to the organization of your body • The levels of organization in the human body consist of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

3. Cells • The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in a living thing • The human body has about 1 trillion cells • Cells cannot be seen without a microscope because they are so small

4. Structures of Cells • Cell Membrane: outside boundary of the cell • Nucleus: control center that directs the cell’s activities • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like clear liquid contained in the cell that contains many structures called organelles

5. Functions of Cells • Cells carry on processes that keep organisms alive • Ex: Molecules from digested food undergo chemical reactions that release energy for the body’s activities • Cells grow and reproduce • Cells get rid of waste products

6. Tissues • A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform the same function • There are 4 basic types of tissues • Muscle Tissue – contract or shorten, carries out movement • Nervous Tissue – carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and other parts of the body • Connective Tissue – Provides support to the body and connects all its parts (ex: bone, fat, blood) • Epithelial Tissue – covers surfaces of your body inside and out (ex: skin, lining of organs)

7. Organs and Organ Systems • Organ: Structure that is composed of different types of tissue working together to do the same job (ex: heart, lungs, kidneys, skin) • Organ System: Group of organs that work together to perform a major function (ex: heart is part of the circulatory system)

8. - Body Organization and Homeostasis Organs and Organ Systems • Each organ in your body is part of an organ system, which is a group of organs that work together to perform a major function.

9. Homeostasis • Homeostasis is the body’s tendency to keep an internal balance. Homeostasis is the process by which an organism’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the external environment. • Example: Body temperature, blood sugar levels, water levels, blood pressure, etc.

10. Maintaining Homeostasis • Your body has a variety of ways to maintain homeostasis: • sweat • shiver

11. Stress and Homeostasis • Sometimes things can happen to disrupt homeostasis. As a result, your heart might beat more rapidly or your breathing may increase. These reactions of your circulatory or respiratory systems are signs of stress. • Stress is the reaction of your body to potentially threatening, challenging or disturbing events. • Adrenaline is a chemical released by your endocrine system in response to stress. Adrenaline gives you a burst of energy and prepares your body to take action. • Your body reacts to Stress!!

12. - Body Organization and Homeostasis Outlining • An outline shows the relationship between main ideas and supporting ideas. As you read, make an outline about body organization and homeostasis. Use the red headings for the main ideas and the blue headings for the supporting ideas. Body Organization and Homeostasis • Cells • Structures of Cells • Functions of Cells • Tissues • Organs and Organ Systems • Homeostasis • Homeostasis in Action • Maintaining Homeostasis • Stress and Homeostasis

13. - Body Organization and Homeostasis Cell Specialization • Click the Video button to watch a movieabout cell specialization.

14. End of Section:Body Organization and Homeostasis

15. Section 2: The Skeletal System • Just like a building you have a framework called a skeleton • Your skeleton is made up of all the bones in your body (skeletal system) • You have 206 bones in your body

16. - The Skeletal System What the Skeletal System Does • Your skeleton has five major functions. It provides shape and support, enables you to move, protects your organs, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and other materials until your body needs them.

17. Shape and Support • Your skeleton determines the shape in your body • The backbone (vertebral column) is the center of your skeleton • You have 26 small vertebrae that connect with each other all the way up your vertebral column • Like a beaded necklace, the vertebral column allows your body to move and bend • If your backbone was just one bone, you would not be able to bend

18. Movement and Protection • Your skeleton allows you to move • Most bones have muscles attach to allow you to move • Bones also protect the vital organs in your body • Ex: the skull protects the brain

19. Production and Storage of Substances • Some of your bones produce substances that your body needs • The long bones of your arms and legs are like factories that make all different kinds of cells • Bones also store minerals like calcium and phosphorous • When the body needs these minerals, the bones release small amounts

20. Immovable and Movable Joints • A joint is a place in the body where two bones come together • Joints allow bones to move in different ways • There are two types of joints in the body • Movable: allows wide range of movement, held together by ligaments • Cartilage is found at the end of bones and protects the bones from rubbing together • Immovable: Some joints between bones allow little to no movement like the bones of the skull

21. - The Skeletal System Joints of the Skeleton • A joint is a place in the body where two bones come together. Joints allow bones to move in different ways.

22. - The Skeletal System Bones—Strong and Living • Bones are complex living structures that undergo growth and development.

23. Bone Structure • Sketch the a long bone such as the femur • Compact Bone: beneath the outer layer is a hard dense layer of the bone called the compact bone. Small canals run through the compact bone that carry blood vessels and nerves • Spongy Bone: a layer of bone just inside the compact bone that is lightweight but strong. Much of spongy bone is found at the ends of long bones and contains red bone marrow which produces red blood cells • Medullary Cavity: carries yellow bone marrow which stores fat

24. Bones Strength • The structure of bone makes it strong and lightweight • 20% of a person’s body weight is comprised of bone • Bones get their strength partly from the minerals like phosphorous and calcium

25. Bone Growth • Bones are alive because they contain cells and tissues like blood and nerves • Bones also form new bone tissue as you grow • Sports contribute to the strength of bones by stimulating new growth in your bone tissue • New bone tissue will form after you have an accident such as breaking a bone in your body

26. Bone Development • When you were an infant, your skeleton was primarily cartilage • Over time, most of the cartilage was replaced with bone

27. Taking Care of Your Bones • A combination of a balanced diet and regular exercise are important for a lifetime of healthy bones • Diet – A well-balanced diet includes lots of calcium and phosphorous to keep your bones healthy (meats, whole grains, leafy green veggies, and dairy) • Exercise – Plenty of exercise provides your bones with the opportunity to stimulate bone growth (weight bearing exercise)

28. Osteoporosis • As people grow older, they lose some of the minerals stored in their body • This mineral loss can lead to osteoporosis • Osteoporosis is a condition in which the body’s bones become weak and break easily (hip, spin, wrist) • Osteoporosis is more common in women than in men • Regular exercise and a well-balanced diet can help prevent osteoporosis

29. - The Skeletal System Movable Joints Activity • Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about movable joints.

30. - The Skeletal System Asking Questions • Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what or how question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions. Question Answer What does the skeleton do? The skeleton provides shape and support, helps you to move, protects organs, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and other materials. Joints can move forward or backward, in a circle, in a rotating motion, and in a gliding motion. How do joints move? How strong are bones? Bones can absorb more force without breaking than granite or concrete. What can I do to care for my bones? Eat a well balanced diet and get plenty of exercise.

31. End of Section:The Skeletal System

32. - Diagnosing Bone and Joint Injuries Comparing and Contrasting • When you compare and contrast things, you explain how they are alike and different. As you read, compare and contrast X-rays and MRIs by completing a table like the one below. Procedure X-Rays MRI Effect on body cells Can cause damage Causes no damage Types of injuries identified Bone (fracture and dislocation) Bone and soft tissue Magnetic energy causes atoms to vibrate, which forms a pattern that is converted into an image Pass through soft tissue and are absorbed by bone; bone shows on film How they work Cost Low cost High cost

33. - Diagnosing Bone and Joint Injuries Links on Medical Technology • Click the SciLinks button for links on medical technology.

34. Section 3: Diagnosing Bone and Joint Injuries

35. Common Skeletal System Injuries

36. Fractures, Dislocations and Sprains

37. Identifying Injuries

38. Treating Injuries

39. End of Section:Diagnosing Bone and Joint Injuries

40. Section 4: The Muscular System

41. Types of Muscle

42. Skeletal Muscle

43. Smooth Muscle

44. Cardiac Muscle

45. - The Muscular System Muscles at Work • Because muscle cells can only contract, not extend, skeletal muscles must work in pairs. While one muscle contracts, the other muscle in the pair relaxes to its original length.

46. Muscles Work in Pairs

47. Muscular Strength and Flexibility

48. - The Muscular System Previewing Visuals • When you preview, you look ahead at the material to be read. Preview Figure 15. Then, in a graphic organizer like the one below, write three questions that you have about the diagram. As you read, answer your questions. Types of Muscle Q. How does skeletal muscle help my body move? A. Skeletal muscles are attached to the ends of bones and provide the force to move them. Q. Where is smooth muscle found? A. The inside of many internal organs Q. Why is cardiac muscle considered a special type? A. It is found only in the heart; it is like smooth muscle because it is involuntary and like skeletal muscle because it is striated.

49. - The Muscular System Skeletal Muscles • Click the Video button to watch a movieabout skeletal muscles.

50. - The Muscular System More on Muscle Types • Click the PHSchool.com button for an activityabout muscle types.