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The Wired Brain Motive, Means, Opportunity

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The Wired Brain Motive, Means, Opportunity

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    1. The Wired Brain Motive, Means, & Opportunity Ramez Naam mez@apexnano.com

    2. Motive Help the sick & injured

    3. Means Brain and nervous system prosthesis

    4. Opportunity Neural prosthesis to enhance human brains

    5. Motives

    6. The Deaf ~20 million hearing impaired people in US ~2 million cannot be helped by hearing aids

    7. The Blind 1.3 million people in the US

    8. The Paralyzed 2 million people in the US

    9. Parkinson’s Disease 1.5 million people in the US

    10. Permanent Brain Injury Problems with: attention memory learning perception mood

    11. And Many More stroke victims the severely depressed obsessive compulsive disorder sufferers

    12. > 10 million potential patients in the US

    13. Means

    14. The Brain is Electrochemical 1870 – Fritsch and Hitzig Moved dog limbs by electrically stimulating the brain

    15. Human Cognition is Electrochemical 1950 – Wilder Penfield Produced spontaneous memories by electrically stimulating the brain

    16. Neural Interfaces Can Control Behavior 1960s - Jose Delgado & Robert Heath

    17. Delgado Animal Manipulation Sleep Appetite Aggression Pleasure & Pain Social Dominance

    18. Aggression

    19. Aggression

    20. Heath Human Experiments “neuro-orgasms” professions of love attempted to “cure homosexuality”

    21. creepy

    22. medical uses

    23. Restore Hearing 1970s – The Cochlear Implant Restores Hearing to Completely Deaf

    24. Cochlear Implant

    25. Primitive Electronics, Big Results Cochlear Implant < 30 electrodes Auditory Nerve 30,000 neurons

    26. Restoring Vision

    27. Restoring Vision

    28. Primitive Electronics, Big Results Visual Prosthesis 256 electrodes Visual Cortex billions of neurons

    29. Cortical Visual Implant Video

    30. Controlling Motion

    31. Primitive Electronics, Big Results Motor Prosthesis 1 wireless electrode Motor Cortex billions of neurons

    32. Controlling Devices

    33. What’s Happening Here? cracking the code of the brain that code is distributed good results with sparse connections

    34. Controlling Parkinson’s all Parkinson’s drugs fail over time

    35. Controlling Parkinson’s Disease

    36. Deep Brain Stimulator more than 30,000 installed 8-10 hour surgery $40,000 bill Recently covered by Medicare

    37. Deep Brain Stimulator Side Effects Untreatable Depression

    38. Deep Brain Stimulator Side Effects Uncontrolled Obsessive Compulsive Behavior

    39. Deep Brain Stimulator Side Effects Clinical trials for Depression & OCD Underway

    40. a return to emotion and behavior but in a medical context

    41. Technology Trends

    42. Neural Interface Electronics

    43. Enter the Electrical Engineers

    44. Plenty of Room To Improve

    45. Opportunities

    46. Restoring Damaged Memory?

    47. Repairing the Hippocampus

    48. Hippocampus Chip “dumb” replica of the hippocampus will help us crack the code of memory

    49. Enhancing Memory? In 2006 Berger & Deadwyler will attach hippocampus chip to a healthy primate’s hippocampus

    50. Enhancing Memory? In 2006 it probably won’t work

    51. Beyond Memory some possibilities

    52. Beyond Memory Language Chip

    53. Beyond Memory Emotion Chip

    54. Emotional Chip Advantages Drugs slow to act slow to stop acting shotgun approach ( = side effects) not very tunable no feedback Neural Stimulation immediate stops on a dime laser-like precision extremely fine-tunable instant feedback

    55. Autonomous Behavioral Conditioning broccoli = good exercise = good saturated fat = bad

    56. Risks of Self Conditioning ultimate high 1500 self-stimulations per hour ultimate addiction hardware limitations

    57. Beyond Memory Frontal Cortex Chip

    58. Communication to the brain, imagination = sensation = memory

    59. Communication the same neurons fire when you see an image when you remember that image when you imagine an image just like it

    60. Communication so if we can send images, sounds, sensations into your brain you can send them out of your brain into a computer or another person’s brain

    61. Vanderbilt Experiment

    62. What Else Could We Communicate? Sound, Sight, Touch, Taste, Smell Almost Certainly Emotions? Probably Memories? Knowledge? Skills? Maybe someday but not soon

    63. Major Changes To human self-determination human-to-human communication

    64. The Hurdles

    65. Hurdles – Brain Surgery Risky Expensive New surgery for each upgrade? Conclusion: it will never happen

    66. What About Eye Surgery? Risky Expensive May get stuck with less than 20/20 vision Glasses are a fine alternative Conclusion: it will never happen Laser Surgery Changed the Rules

    67. LASIK had risk, cost, and non-surgical alternatives sufficiently safe sufficiently cheap sufficient benefit (convenience) revolutionized eye surgery

    68. Eye Surgeries Per Year

    69. Refractive Eye Surgery Cost

    70. Possible Brain Surgery Revolutions Stereotactic Surgery (magnets, images, and robots) Neurovascular Surgery (enter through arteries instead of the skull)

    71. Neurovascular Stereotactic Surgery

    72. Neurovascular Stereotactic Surgery

    73. Magnetic Fields Guide Catheter

    74. Results 12 hour surgeries now take 90 minutes with less risk, better outcomes $40,000 aneurysm operations now cost $4,000

    75. brain surgery is destined to become fast, safe, and easy

    76. Hurdle - Upgrades

    77. Alternative to Brain Surgery Wearable computing: PDAs for memory Contact-lens displays Throat microphones

    78. Alternative to Brain Surgery Poor substitutes for: instant, precise emotional control audio, visual, tactile, emotional telepathy improved memory, attention, and cognition and more

    79. Recap

    80. Motive

    81. help the sick

    82. Means

    83. neural – computer interfaces

    84. in their infancy

    85. rapidly improving

    86. Opportunity

    87. enhance memory & cognition

    88. increase human self-determination

    89. expand modes of human communication

    90. The Risk Takers

    91. Those who’ve suffered will be the first enhanced

    92. Backup Slides

    93. Computer Mediated Communication

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