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William Shakespeare. “A man for all time.” – Ben Jonson. S tudents think Shakespeare wrote in a foreign language. However, most teachers think their students are speaking a foreign language (YOLO?!?) Beowulf read in Old-English (500-1000 AD)
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William Shakespeare “A man for all time.” – Ben Jonson
Students think Shakespeare wrote in a foreign language. However, most teachers think their students are speaking a foreign language (YOLO?!?) Beowulf read in Old-English (500-1000 AD) Canterbury Tales read in Middle English (1100-1500) Shakespeare read in Modern English (1500-1800) Texting in today’s tech-driven world (1800-today) Evolution of English Language
Shakespeare’s Influence on English Language • Shakespeare is credited by the Oxford English Dictionary with the introduction of nearly 3,000 words into the language. • His vocabulary, as culled from his works, numbers upward of 17,000 words. • Shakespeare’s vocabulary is quadruple that of an average, well-educated conversationalist. • Scholars believe Shakespeare attended school until the age of 14. History of English in 10 Minutes: Part 3 Shakespeare
Famous Shakespearian Quotes • “To be or not to be,—that is the question.” Hamlet • “All the world’s a stage.” As You Like It • “What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” Romeo and Juliet • “Off with his head!” King Richard III • “Parting is such sweet sorrow, that I shall say good night till it be morrow.” Romeo and Juliet • “But, for my own part, it was Greek to me.” Julius Ceasar • “This above all: to thine own self be true.” Hamlet
Shakespeare’s Writing Style • The writing style includes blank verse, in which each line contains a fixed rhythm and is unrhymed. • Iambic Pentameteris a rhythm alternating stressed and unstressed syllables totaling 10 syllables per line. • Rhyming couplet the last word of a line rhymes with the next line. • Heroic Coupletis used to signify the end of an act. • Prose does not contain any rhymes or rhythmic structure. • Shakespeare will switch between blank verse, rhyme verse, and prose to suit the mood of the play or to create a dramatic effect. • For example, in Macbeth rhyming couplets are used when supernatural events are taking place. • In comedic scenes the characters will speak in prose which the audience finds more relatable, and humorous.
Theater Terms to Know for Hamlet • Stage Directions—instructions written into the script of a play, indicating stage actions, movements of performers, or production requirements for the setting. • Monologue— Greekmonos"single” and legein"to speak"— A speech given by a single person to an audience. Might be delivered to an audience within a play, or directly to the audience sitting in the theater and watching the play. • Soliloquy—Latin solus "alone" and loqui"to speak" — A speech that one gives to oneself. A character talks to himself, thinking out loud, so that the audience better understands what is happening to the character internally. • Aside—a remark that a character makes in an undertone to the audience or another character, but others on stage are not supposed to hear the remark.
Literary Terms for Hamlet Act I • Foreshadowing refers to hints in the text about what will occur later in the plot. • Imagery is highly descriptive language that appeals to one or more of the five senses—touch, taste, hearing, smell and sight. From the Hamlet Parallel Text: “Act I, Introduction, Literary Elements” page 17
Literary Terms for Hamlet Act I • Conflict is the struggle between opposing forces. • External Conflict involves outer forces such as nature or another character. • Internal Conflict exists inside a person. From the Hamlet Parallel Text: “Act I, Introduction, Literary Elements” page 17
Literary Terms for Hamlet Act I • Verbal Irony occurs when a character says one thing but means something different. • A pun is a play on words that have similar sounds but more than one possible spelling or meaning. From the Hamlet Parallel Text: “Act I, Introduction, Literary Elements” page 17
Literary Terms for Hamlet Act II • Allusion—a reference to a literary or historic figure or event. • Metaphor—makes a direct comparison between two unlike things that share something in common. • Repetition—A technique in which a sound, word, phrase, or line is repeated for emphasis or unity • Soliloquy –a speech a character delivers alone on stage, with the purpose of revealing his innermost thoughts and feelings. From the Hamlet Parallel Text: “Act I, Introduction, Literary Elements” page 95
Literary Terms for Hamlet Act III • Soliloquy –character delivers a speech revealing his innermost thoughts and feelings. • Motivation—refers to reasons why a character behaves as he or she does. • Personification—giving human characteristics to non-human things or ideas. From the Hamlet Parallel Text: “Act I, Introduction, Literary Elements” page 157
Literary Terms for Hamlet Act III • Situational Irony—A contrast between what we expect to happen, and what really happens. From the Hamlet Parallel Text: “Act I, Introduction, Literary Elements” page 15 7
Literary Terms for Hamlet Act III • Theme—The central idea or message in a work of literature relating to life or human nature. • Appearances versus reality • Fate versus free-will • Consequences of taking action and seeking revenge • Uncertainty of death and the afterlife • Social codes of conduct • Poison and corruption of the individual or a nation • Madness • Women’s role in society From the Hamlet Parallel Text: “Act I, Introduction, Literary Elements” page 15 7
Literary Terms for Hamlet Act IV • Simile—A comparison of two unlike things using the words “like” or “as.” • Metaphor—makes a direct comparison between two unlike things that share something in common. • Imagery is highly descriptive language that appeals to one or more of the five senses—touch, taste, hearing, smell and sight. • Inference—is a reasonable conclusion the reader can draw based on clues given in a work of literature. From the Hamlet Parallel Text: “Act I, Introduction, Literary Elements” page 243
Literary Terms for Hamlet Act V • Comic Relief—in order to ease the apprehension the audience is feeling after a dramatic scene in the play, Shakespeare incorporates a lighthearted and humorous scene. Not JUST for laughs… • Heightens the dramatic tension—creates a contrast between low and high points—within the plot structure. From the Hamlet Parallel Text: “Act I, Introduction, Literary Elements” page 311
Literary Terms for Hamlet Act V • Dramatic Irony—when the audience has important knowledge that a main character lacks. • Symbol—a person, object, action, or place that stands for something beyond its obvious meaning. From the Hamlet Parallel Text: “Act I, Introduction, Literary Elements” page 311
