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Information Processing Model of Memory: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

Learn about the information processing model of memory, including encoding, storage, and retrieval. Understand the different stages of memory and explore techniques for effective encoding. Discover how organizing information can enhance memory retention.

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Information Processing Model of Memory: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

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  1. CHS AP Psychology Unit 7 Part I: Memory (Cognition) Essential Task 7.1 : Describe the information processing model of memory with specific attention to the following steps: - Encoding: external stimuli, sensory registers, selective attention, reticular formation, short-term memory - Storage: long-term memory, explicit memory (semantic and episodic memories) and implicit memories (emotional and procedural memories) - Retrieval

  2. Memory • The ability to remember things we have experienced, imagined, or learned • Memory is often seen as steps in an information-processing model

  3. Information Processing Model • Encoding: get the information into our brain • Storage: retain the information • Retrieval: get it back out of storage

  4. 3-Stage Processing of Memory • Atkinson and Shiffrin: • 3 stages of memory: • Sensory memory- immediate brief recording of info • Short-term memory- holds items briefly • Long-term memory- relatively permanent • Knowledge, skills, experiences

  5. Baddeley’s Working Memory • Updates Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Work • Newer understanding of short-term memory • Conscious, active processing of sensory input and information retrieved from long-term memory

  6. Memory: The Persistence of Learning Over Time . • Get out a clean sheet of paper • Write down everything that comes to your mind IN THE ORDER they occur. • Incorrect answers are just as important as correct ones Name the seven dwarfs

  7. Answer: • Sleepy • Dopey • Grumpy • Sneezy • Happy • Doc • Bashful

  8. Do you think you could recognize the right answers? • Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Horney, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby • Turn your paper over and recall the names again.

  9. Answer: • Sleepy • Dopey • Grumpy • Sneezy • Happy • Doc • Bashful

  10. Encoding • Much information is stored in Short Term Memory (STM) phonologically, according to how it sounds • Some information is stored visually • Research has shown that memory for visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information

  11. Encoding: • Automaticvs. EffortfulProcessing Remembering what you ate last night VS. Learning this chapter’s vocabulary

  12. Ebbinghaus Retention Curve The more you practice, the more you retain. BUT, the quicker you learn, the quicker you forget. Memorizing random letters in chunks…

  13. Spacing Effect • Distributing rehearsal (spacing effect) is better than practicing all at once. You can memorize a poem a lot easier if you break it down into 5 parts over 5 days instead of all at once.

  14. Chunking • The grouping of information into meaningful units for easier handling by short term memory. • M-S-N-N-A-S-A-C-I-A-C-O-M Or • MSN NASA CIA COM

  15. Inclusive Memory Activity • I am going to give you a list of words • I just want you to listen • You have 30 seconds to write down as many words as you can remember

  16. Serial Position Effect • People tend to recall the first items (primacy effect) and last items (recency effect) in a list • Demonstrates how short- and long-term memory work together • Primacy effect reflects long-term memory • Recency effect reflects short-term memory

  17. What We Encode • Encoding by meaning • Encoding by images • Encoding by organization

  18. Encoding Meaning • Also known as semantic encoding • We understand the meaning of words • We associate it with what we already know (our schema) *Better recognition later than visual or acoustic*

  19. Visual Encoding • Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it

  20. Mnemonics • Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery and organizational devices in aiding memory • PEMDAS Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally

  21. Organizing Information for Encoding • Break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories. • Chunking • Hierarchies

  22. Hierarchy Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories.

  23. Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy

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