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The Monarchy of Ivan IV: Strengthening Power and Chaos

Explore the reign of Ivan IV, known as Ivan the Terrible, and his attempts to strengthen the Russian monarchy through reforms, expansion, and control. Learn about the descent into mental illness and the chaotic Time of Troubles that followed. Additionally, discover how Peter the Great modernized Russia and brought Western ideas and culture to the country.

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The Monarchy of Ivan IV: Strengthening Power and Chaos

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  1. Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus The Monarchy of Ivan IV Peter the Great Faces of History: Peter the Great Catherine the Great Map: The Expansion of Russia Rulers of Russia and Central Europe

  2. Preview, continued Monarchy and Conflict in Central Europe Map: Central Europe Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts Video: The Impact of Spain’s Golden Century Rulers of Russia and Central Europe

  3. Rulers of Russia and Central Europe Main Idea The czars of Russia struggled with the westernization of their empire, while powerful families battled for control of Central Europe. • Reading Focus • How did Ivan IV strengthen the Russian monarchy? • What reforms did Peter the Great make in Russia? • How did the rule of Catherine the Great affect Russia? • What states formed in Central Europe in the 1600s and 1700s?

  4. Rule Without Limits Reforms of Ivan IV • 1546, young prince claimed title of czar, put Russia on different course • Title was version of Latin word caesar, or emperor • New czar, Ivan, intended to rule without limits on power • His own madness created chaos • During early years, Ivan IV made many reforms—created general council that included merchants, lower-level nobles • Promoted military officers on merit; drew up legal code • Expanded Russia’s borders, trade The Monarchy of Ivan IV • In the 1500s Russia far behind western Europe in technical advancement and centralized government • Russia run by church officials and boyars, or landowners • Had conservative viewpoints As a result of such achievements, the years from 1547 to 1563 are known as Ivan’s “good period.”

  5. Ivan the Terrible • During 1560s, Ivan changed • Strict policies, violent actions sealed reputation as Ivan the Terrible • Suspicious of closest advisors; sent them away, killed supporters • Was convinced wife was murdered, people conspiring against him • Private Police Force • Created private police force to investigate, punish opposition • Men dressed in black, rode black horses • Controlled almost half of Russia’s territory in Ivan’s name • Brutally punished anyone who spoke out against czar’s policies

  6. Time of Troubles Descent into Mental Illness • Death of Ivan’s son may have been accident, but left Russia without heir to throne • Uncertainty about succession, economic problems, foreign invasions made chaotic period known as Time of Troubles • 1613, Michael, relative of Ivan’s first wife, crowned czar; first of Romanov dynasty • Dynasty lasted until 1917 • 1565, harshness continued; seized land from 12,000 boyars • Ordered killing of thousands of people in Novgorod; suspected they wanted to separate from Russia • 1581, killed his own son, next in line to be czar • Descent into mental illness seemed complete Last Years of Ivan

  7. Contrast How did the early rule of Ivan IV differ from his later years? Answer(s): early years marked by many reforms that strengthened the government; later years marked by suspicion, creation of royal police, terror

  8. The Age of Absolutism Witness History Audio: A Foreign Princess Take the Throne Peter the Great Modernizes Russia Peter the Great traveled through Western Europe and brought technical experts, teachers, and soldiers back to Russia. He asked Russians to adopt Western ideas, technology and culture. He made himself the head of the Russian Orthodox Church and gave the landowning nobles jobs working for the state. He adopted mercantilist economic policies to pay for his reforms. Section 5: Absolute Monarchy in Russia Note Taking Transparency 119 1 of 7

  9. Early Rule Building a Navy • 1682, Peter became czar while a child; sister ruled in his place • Age 17, removed sister from throne, took power for himself • Tall, strong man • Had strong personality, boundless energy • One of first acts, stormed Azov, Black Sea port held by Turks • Attack disaster, but inspired Peter to build navy • Labored side-by-side with thousands of carpenters • Built hundreds of ships • New navy took up Azov campaign • Turks surrendered Peter the Great About 70 years later, Peter I crowned czar. Became known as Peter the Great for his efforts to transform Russia into a modern state.

  10. Modernization and Reform • Westernization • Peter realized country needed to modernize to catch up with rest of Europe • Wanted westernization; to bring elements of Western culture to Russia • 1697, journeyed to western Europe to see what Russia needed to modernize • New Skills • Peter traveled in disguise, was sometimes recognized anyway • Learned hands-on skills, especially shipbuilding • Recruited European experts to bring skills to Russia • Rebellion • Trip cut short by rebellion of streltsy, military corps with political influence • Thought streltsy wanted sister on throne; had members tortured, executed • Disbanded streltsy, organized more modern army

  11. Cues from West Modern Russia • Supported education; believed Russians needed to learn more about science from West • Wanted Russians to adopt European-style clothing, grooming • Cut off boyars’ traditional long coats, beards to look European • Through these, other reforms Peter tried to impose will on Russians • Goal was to make Russia more modern country • Not always successful, but considered founder of modern Russia for efforts Reforms • In addition to modernizing army, Peter made many other reforms • Brought church under state control • Built up Russian industry • Started first newspaper in Russia • Sponsored new schools • Modernized calendar, promoted officials on service, not social status

  12. The Age of Absolutism Expands Russia’s Borders Peter tried to defeat the Ottomans to gain a warm-water port, but was unsuccessful. He was able to win the Great Northern War and take Swedish territory on the Baltic Sea, where he built his magnificent capital of St. Petersburg. Section 5: Absolute Monarchy in Russia Color Transparency 99: Russia Needs a Warm-Water Port Witness History Video: Peter the Great Witness History Audio: Alexander Pushkin Geography Interactive: Expansion of Russia, 1689-1796 2 of 7

  13. Peter also founded a new city Early 1700s, fought Sweden to acquire warm-water port Other ports choked by ice much of year Port farther south on Baltic Sea to keep Russia open to western trade all year, connect Russia to west On land won from Sweden, Peter built new capital, St. Petersburg Russia’s government moved to new city Featured Western-style architecture St. Petersburg

  14. The Age of Absolutism: Section 5 Color Transparency 99: Russia Needs a Warm-Water Port 5 of 7

  15. Recall Name three ways in which Peter the Great attempted to westernize Russia. Answer(s): by encouraging men to shave off their beards, encouraging people to adopt European styles of dress, building a new capital with Western-style architecture

  16. The Age of Absolutism Catherine the Great Follows Peter’s Lead Catherine the Great also embraced Western ideas and allowed the boyars to impose serfdom on the peasants. She won a warm-water port in the Russo-Turkish war and also seized territory from Poland. Color Transparency 100: Partitions of Poland Section 5: Absolute Monarchy in Russia QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency QuickTake Chapter Test 3 of 7

  17. Takes Power Honoring Peter I Early Reforms • Husband became Czar Peter III • Catherine and many nobles grew angry at his incompetent, weak rule • Catherine seized power, was declared czarina of Russia • Catherine saw self as true successor of Peter the Great • Worked to build on his westernization efforts • To emphasize legitimacy of her claim, built statue honoring Peter • Influenced by European thinkers—believed strong, wise ruler could improve life for subjects • Reformed legal, education systems • Removed restrictions on trade; promoted science, the arts Catherine the Great Russia’s next important ruler was actually a German princess who came to Russia to marry a grandson of Peter the Great. She became known as Catherine the Great.

  18. Challenges to Catherine’s Rule • Conflicts • Catherine tried to reform Russia, was distracted by conflict • Faced war in Poland, where people wanted freedom from Russian influence • 1768, Ottoman Empire joined Polish cause • War and Rebellion • Eventually won war, took over half of Poland, territory on Black Sea • While war raging, Catherine faced popular rebellion inside Russia • Man claiming to be Peter III traveled countryside, leading ragtag army • Strengthening the Monarchy • In the end, man captured, beheaded, rebellion put down • Rebellion convinced Catherine she needed to strengthen monarchy in rural areas; put local governments in hands of landowners, nobles

  19. Analyze What was one way that Catherine showed she was an absolute monarch? Answer(s): possible answer—she strengthened the monarchy's authority in rural areas

  20. The Age of Absolutism: Section 5 Note Taking Transparency 119 4 of 7

  21. The Age of Absolutism: Section 5 Progress Monitoring Transparency 7 of 7

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