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Early SPECT Studies

Early SPECT Studies. David Ingvar and Niels Lassen Daniel Weinberger and Karen Berman . Ingvar and Lassen. Normals. Patients (Hypofrontality). Frontal Functions. Fluency of thought and speech Emotional attachments Social and moral judgment Volition and drive

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Early SPECT Studies

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  1. Early SPECT Studies David Ingvar and Niels Lassen Daniel Weinberger and Karen Berman

  2. Ingvar and Lassen Normals Patients (Hypofrontality)

  3. Frontal Functions • Fluency of thought and speech • Emotional attachments • Social and moral judgment • Volition and drive • Planning and identifying goals • Formulating abstract concepts

  4. Weinberger and Berman Normals Patients Number WCS

  5. PET Studies

  6. Normals: Remembering Words • Increased blood flow in frontal operculum, thalamus, cerebellum

  7. Patients: Remembering Words • Failure to activate regions used by normals • Decreased frontal flow

  8. Using PET to Study Anhedonia • Examine changes in blood flow in response to visual emotional stimuli • Comparison of pleasant vs unpleasant pictures • Examine the final stage in emotional processing—attribution—which is the interface between cognition and emotion

  9. Unpleasant

  10. Pleasant

  11. Activations in Normals: Visual Stimuli • Subtraction images: Unpleasant minus pleasant • “Unpleasant” activations: areas of increased flow are red • “Pleasant” activations: areas of increased flow are blue

  12. “Unpleasant” Activations • Extrastriate and visual cortex • Cerebellum • Amygdala

  13. “Pleasant” Activations: • Medial, orbital, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

  14. Interpretation:Emotion Attribution in Normals • The system that assigns positive emotional valence to stimuli is primarily prefrontal • Pleasure attribution in human beings activates phylogenetically younger “higher” cortical regions

  15. Randomization Analysis of PET Data • A non-parametric statistical method that is robust to differences in variance • Displays areas where patients differ from controls • Blue: flow is decreased in patients during unpleasant stimuli • Red: flow is increased during unpleasant stimuli (?compensatory?)

  16. Unpleasant Pictures: Areas of Decreased Flow • Thalamus • Extrastriate visual cortex • Hippocampus

  17. Unpleasant Pictures: Areas of Increased Flow • Insula • Putamen/ accumbens • Superior frontal

  18. Focusing Visual Attention

  19. Remembering Faces

  20. Recalling Complex Narratives

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