Animals

1. Animals

2. Introduction to Animals

3. Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

4. Invertebrates vs Chordates • Invertebrates • Includes 95% of animals • Includes 33 Phyla • No vertebral column/backbone • Chordates • Includes 5% of animals • Includes Phylum Chordata • 4 Characteristics (at some point during life) • Nerve cord and/or Vertebral Column • Notchord • Tail ext. beyond the anus • Pharyngeal pouches

5. Symmetry • Body Symmetry • the body plan of an animal, how its parts are arranged • Asymmetry • no pattern (corals, sponges) • Radial Symmetry • shaped like a wheel (starfish, hydra, jellyfish) • Bilateral Symmetry • has a right and left side (humans, insects, cats, etc)

6. Germ Layers • The blastula develops 3 distinct layers, which become layers in the organism • Ectoderm - outer layer of skin, nervous tissue, sense organs • Endoderm - lining of digestive tract, digestive and respiratory system • Mesoderm - skeleton, muscles, excretory system

7. Body Cavity • Coelom • Fluid filled cavity in the mesoderm that is lined with mesodermal tissues • Pseudocoelom • Partially filled with mesoderm • Acoelomate • Have no bodycavity

8. Cephalization • Cephalization • an anterior concentration of sense organs (to have a head)

9. Cephalization Cont. • Anterior - toward the head • Posterior - toward the tail • Dorsal - back side • Ventral - belly side

10. Types of Feeders • Filter Feeders • Strain food from water • Detritivores • Feed on decaying plants/animals • Carnivores • Eat other animals • Herbivores • Eat plants • Omnivore • Eats both animals and plants • Nutritional Symbionts • Depend on another species

11. Digestion • Intracellular • Use cells to digest food • Used by less complex animals • Extracullular • Use a digestive system to digest food • Used by more complex animals

12. Mammal Digestive • Esophogas – Connects mouth to stomach • Stomach – Breaks down food • Small Intestine – Digests nutrients from food • Large Intestine – Absorbs water

13. Mammal Digestive • Rectum/Anus – food exit • Liver – filters blood, produces bile • Gallbladder – stores bile • Pancreas – breaks down carbs/fats/proteins • Regulates blood sugar

14. Respiration • All animals exchange oxygen with carbon dioxide • Types of Respiration • Skin Respiration – oxygen/carbon dioxide diffuse across thin membranes • Gills • Lungs

15. Mammal Respiratory • Trachea – allows air in • Lungs – exchanges oxygen/with CO2 from bloodstream

16. Circulation • Open • Blood is only partially contained in blood vessels • Closed • Blood is contained within blood vessels • Types of Close • Single Loop • Single pump that forces blood in 1 direction • Double Loop • Double loop, double pump

17. Mammal Cardiovascular • Heart – pumps blood • Arteries – oxygenated blood away from heart • Veins – deoxygenated blood to heart

18. Response/Nervous • Neurons • Nerve cells • Stimulus • Something in the environment that causes neurons to react • Sensory Neurons • Specialized neurons that vary from animal to animal • Response • A reaction to a stimulus

19. Types of Nervous Systems • Nerve Nets, Nerve Cords & Ganglia • Simple nervous system • Heads • Cephalized animals have grouped neurons that form cerebral ganglia in the head region • Brains • Cerebral ganglia are further organized into a brain

20. Nervous • Brain – control center • Cerebrum: “thinking” region • Cerebellum: Movement and balance • Medulla Oblongata: controls internal organs • Spinal Cord – sends signals to rest of body from brain

21. Excretion • 2 Ways Animals Excrete • Eliminate ammonia from body quickly • Convert it into other, less toxic, nitrogenous compounds

22. Urinary • Kidney – filters blood creates urine • Ureter – passes urine from kidneys to bladder • Bladder – holds urine • Urethra – removes urine from body

23. Reproduction • Asexual • 1 parent • Benefit: Can reproduce quickly • Drawback: Less genetic diversity • Sexual • 2 parents • Benefit: Increased genetic diversity • Drawbacks: Both genders must be present, takes more time

24. Human Reproductive - Male • Testis – creates sperm • Ductus Deferens – moves sperm from testes to penis • Prostate Gland – male hormones

25. Human Reproductive – Female • Ovaries – Holds/releases eggs • Fallopian Tube – passes eggs from ovaries to uterus • Uterus – implantation of egg occurs here/houses baby

26. Movement and Support • Skeletal – For Support • Hydrostatic: Fluid Filled Cavity • Exoskeleton: External Skeleton • Endoskeleton: Internal Skeleton • Muscles – For Movement

27. Behavior • Behavior = the way an organism reacts to stimuli in its environment • Innate behaviors = Behaviors you are born with • Suckling of a newborn mammal • Weaving of a spider web

28. Behavior • Learned Behaviors = acquiring changes in behavior during a lifetime • Habituation = animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards or harms the animal

29. Complex Behaviors • Complex Behaviors – Combination of innate and learned • Imprinting – Acquiring behavioral characteristics from parents

30. Social Behaviors Courtship = behavior during which members of one sex (usually males) advertise their willingness to mate and the other sex chooses which mate they will accept

31. Social Behaviors Competition = competing for the same resources (food, water, space, etc….) Aggression = threatening behaviors that one animal uses to exert dominance over another

32. Social Behaviors • Society = a group of animals of the same species that interact closely and often cooperate • Bees – • PBS Bees • Bees - David Attenbourgh • Ants

33. Communication • Visual signals – use eyes • Squid change color to broadcast signals • Male/female color patterns • Fireflies send light signals • Chemical signals – insects, fish, mammals • Pheromones = chemical messengers that affect the behavior of other individuals of the same species (mark territories or mating)

34. Communication • Sound signals • Bottlenose dolphins each have a “signature whistle” that informs others who is sending the message • Bird calls

35. Language • Language = combines sound, signals and gestures according to rules about sequence and meaning • Elephants, primates, dolphins • Dolphin learns sign language • Chimps Hunting Monkeys

36. Invertebrates

37. Characteristics of Sponges • Sponges • Simplest animals, multicellular • No organs or body systems • Cellular digestion • Asymmetry • Filter Feeders· Sessile (do not move) • Reproduce sexually (sperm and eggs) • Reproduce asexually (regeneration) • Skeleton composed of spongin (soft) and spicules (hard)

38. Sponge Anatomy • Amebocytes • Moving cells that supply nutrients and take away waste • Choanocytes (collar cells) • layer of cells with flagella • the movement of the flagella keeps a water current going in the sponge • food vacuoles in the collar cells digest plankton and other small organisms (filter feeder) • Oscula • large opening at top of sponge, water exits • Pores • small openings at the side, water enters • Gemmules • Groups of archaeocytes surrounded by a tough layer of spicules.

39. Cnidarians • Examples: Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral, Portuguese man of war • Characteristics of Cnidarians • Tentacles • Cnidocytes (stinging cells) • Nematocysts (barbs) • Gastrovascular cavity (digestion) • Most are radial symmetry, some have asymmetry (corals)

40. Cnidarian Body Forms • 2 Body Forms: • Polyp - Medusa

41. Porifera vs. Cnidaria Put the words with the correct phylum: • Sessile • Tentacles • Radial Symmetry • Nematocyts (barbs) • Asymmetry • Spiculum • Cnidocytes (stinging cells) • Reproduces both sexually/asexually • Osculum • Sponges • Jellyfish • Coral • Man of War

42. Platyhelminthes - Flatworms • General Description: Flatworms are soft flat worms with tissues and organ systems (are cephalized). • Symmetry: Bilateral • Feeding: • Free Living: carnivores that eat tiny aquatic animals. Food passes through mouth into pharynx then into gastrovascular cavity where digestion occurs. • Parasitic: Feed on blood of host, lets host digest food for them.

43. Platyhelminthes – Flatworms Cont. • Circulation • Diffusion • Excretion • Removed using Flame Cells through tiny pores in the skin • Response • Ganglia (nerve cells) within head attached to nerve cords • Movement • Cilia & muscle cells • Reproduction • Hermaphrodites (has both sex organs) • Respiration • Diffusion

44. Flatworm Examples • Turbellarians • Free-living marine or freshwater flatworms includes planaria) • Flukes • Parasitic flatworms that infect internal organs in the host • Pass from one host to the next • Tapeworms • Flat parasitic forms that live within the digestive tracks of their host. • Can grow up to 40 ft. long • Attach with hooks & suckers

45. Nematoda - Roundworms • General Description: Unsegmented worms with pseudocoeloms and digestive systems with a mouth & an anus. • Symmetry: Bilateral • Feeding: • Carnivores or detrivores • Circulation • Diffusion • Excretion • Diffusion

46. Nematoda - Roundworms • Response • Ganglia (nerve cells) within head attached to nerve cords • Sensory organs that detect chemicals • Movement • Muscle cells (length of bodies) contract to move • Reproduction • Sexual Reproduction (most have separate males & females) • Internal Fertilization • Respiration • Diffusion

47. Roundworm Examples • Trichinosis-Causing Worms • Cause trichinosis • Live in intestines of host • Invade hosts organs and muscle tissue • Filarial Worms • Line in blood/lymph vessels • Transmitted through biting insects • Cause elephantitis • Ascarid Worms • Cause malnutrition, spread by eating vegetables • Hookworms • Live in soil and hook onto feet of host, burrow into skin and enter bloodstream • Suck hosts blood in lungs and intestines causing weakness

48. Annelida • General Description: Segmented worms with a true coelem lined with mesoderm. • Symmetry: Bilateral • Feeding: • Filter feeders and carnivores • Earth worm: crop (storage) and gizzard (grinds food) • Circulation • Closed circulatory system (blood vessels & hearts) • 2 main vessels – dorsal & ventral • Excretion • Solid waste through the anus • Fluid waste removed by nephridia (excretory organs)

49. Annelida • Response • Nervous system – brain and nerve chords • Adaptations: sensory tentacles, chemical receptors and statyoysts (gravity) • Movement • 2 major groups of body muscles (alternately contract the 2) • Longitudinal Muscles • Contract to make worm shorter • Circular Muscles • Contract to make worm longer/thinner • Marine annelida have parapodia (paddlelike appendages)

50. Annelida • Reproduction • Sexual Reproduction • External Fertilization • Some are hermaphrodites some have separate sexes • Clitellum forms protective cocoon over fertilized eggs • Respiration • Aquatic – have gills • Nonaquatic – breathe through their skin • Cuticle – keeps skin moist so that respiration can occur