Trends in Rice Seed Production

1. e e- -ISSN: ISSN: 2347-226X p p- -ISSN: ISSN: 2319-9857 Research and Reviews: Journal of Agriculture and Allied Research and Reviews: Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences Sciences Trends in Rice Seed Production Rapolu Shyamsunder Rapolu Shyamsunder* * Metahelix Life S Metahelix Life Sciences Ltd, Hyderabad, ciences Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, Telangana, India India Review Review Received: Received: 14/04/2015 ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Revised: Revised: 15/05/2015 Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the main cereal crops, as well as staple food for most of the world’s population, especially Asian countries. In India, rice is most commonly grown by transplanting rice seedlings into puddled soil. But now, with the onset of second-generation problems, such as soil fatigue, declining water table, and, most important, climate change, production and productivity gains of rice are a big question mark. In China, bacterial blight was initially discovered in 1900 in the Guangdong province. Salinity promotes some antioxidant compounds and antioxidant capacity in rice. Accepted: Accepted: 02/06/2015 *For Correspondence *For Correspondence Metahelix Life Sciences Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, Tel: +9642402982; E E- -mail: mail: rapoluss@rediffmail.com Keywords: Keywords: Abiotic, Biotic, Drought. Agriculture, Rice, INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Rice (Oryza sativa L.), the most consumed grain in Asia, is a huge staple for feeding much of the sector’s populace, and its productiveness is largely suffering from excessive salinity [1-6]. The breakage experienced while milling will also be attributed to parboiling time and paddy moisture content [7]. A couple of biotechnological approaches are adopted to broaden fine and number of rice as good as its resistance to pests, ailments and environmental stresses [8]. In time period of creation, India has turn out to be the second greatest producer of rice on the earth (21 per cent of worldwide rice construction), next to China [9]. Abiotic stress is the essential aspect negatively affecting crop progress and productiveness global [10]. Soil is the key source of food construction and its useful resource plays a main role in picking crop productiveness of an agro- ecosystem [11]. Salinity is without doubt one of the crucial constraints for higher yield of rice in deltas, estuaries and coastal fringes within the humid tropics, and in arid to semiarid areas, especially in South Asia [12]. The poor influences of industrial herbicide use on the environment make it desirable to diversify weed administration choices [13]. There were reports on the influences of water deficit, water stress and drought on the development and yield of upland rice [14]. A plant manufacturing facility is a brand new facility to grow plants underneath a managed atmosphere and is able to get excessive yield and high first-class productions yr-circular [15]. The essential operate of heritability estimates is to provide information on transmission of characters from the father and mother to the progeny [16]. Abiotic stresses, such as drought, high salinity, high or low temperatures, flooding, high gentle, ozone, low nutrient availability, mineral deficiency, heavy metals, pollution, wind and mechanical injury, all characterize a significant chance to sustainable rice creation [17]. 1 RRJAAS | Volume 4 | Issue 1| April, 2015

2. e e- -ISSN: ISSN: 2347-226X p p- -ISSN: ISSN: 2319-9857 Local weather alternate is also projected to have giant influences on crop production [18]. Yield is a tricky character which is stylish on a quantity of other characters and is enormously influenced with the aid of many genetic explanations as good as environmental fluctuations [19]. Drought impacts plants in numerous ways love it affects plant growth, yield, membrane integrity, pigment content material, osmotic changes, water family members and photosynthetic endeavor [20]. In farming programs of low land rice, water manage is the important practice that determines efficacy of production inputs corresponding to nutrients, herbicides, pesticides, farm machineries, microbial endeavor and mineralization fee. Water performs a pivotal role in the management of rice techniques [21]. In Afghanistan, India, Bangladesh, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia, rice production is doubling, but large discount of yield is discovered in some nearby parts of India like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamilnadu and there is no large change in per capita rice harvest in Pakistan, Nepal, Malaysia and South Korea [22]. A rice grain consists of the endosperm, bran layer, and germ layer, and is an principal power source for people [23]. The development of plant transformation methods for the period of the earlier a long time has made it feasible to give a boost to crop crops by means of introduction of cloned genes [24]. Grain nice includes many characteristics starting from bodily to biochemical and physiological properties [25]. Rice tiller number per stool used to be drastically suffering from pre-rice cropping of cassava/legume [26]. At present a re- development of earlier ideas seems to be necessary to realise a constant photograph of distribution and domestication of cultivated rice [27]. Rice construction currently performs an major function in feeding the arena’s populace and can proceed to be in the future, given that rice is the main world staple food in many international locations [28]. Among the rice sorts, there are precise types which exhibit glutinous properties [29]. Using molecular markers allowed fantastic growth in mapping cold tolerance in rice [30]. It has lengthy been well-known that the wild species carefully concerning O. Sativa and their international distribution is predominant to make new species ancestral for optimize yield [31]. Countless statistical ways were developed for the analysis of Genotype by way of atmosphere Interactions (GEI) and phenotypic steadiness [32]. Hot water can be used within the extraction of antioxidant compounds from pigmented rice to be additional processed into antioxidant drinks [33]. Despite the rich retailer of uniquenesses in rice, limited production and availability in many regions introduces challenges in feeding rice via farmers [34]. Plant has developed along microbial symbionts, together with bacteria, archaea, fungi, and Protista [35]. The main focal point of rice research has been on crop growth to develop productivity and adaptation to antagonistic climatic stipulations [36]. Vermicompost is famous to increase plant development, and consequently aid with phytoremediation even as while temporarily immobilize metal pollution [37]. Seed treatment pesticides have longer residual undertaking on RWWs than pyrethroids and are two to a few orders of magnitude much less acutely toxic to crawfish than pyrethroids [38]. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION To feed the ever growing population, we need to solve the abiotic stress problem in rice and this is the principal challenge for plant biotechnologist. Despite the discovery of lots of genes, still it is a bigger challenge to meet the demand. Taking everything into account, to bolster the regularly developing populace, we have to tackle the abiotic anxiety issue in rice and this is the central test for plant biotechnologist. In spite of the disclosure of heaps of qualities, still it is a greater test to take care of the demand. We can express that examining anxiety reaction in rice 2 RRJAAS | Volume 4 | Issue 1| April, 2015

3. e e- -ISSN: ISSN: 2347-226X p p- -ISSN: ISSN: 2319-9857 remains a striking, remunerating and animating contention of examination, with vital results at both natural and social levels as a result of the progressing worldwide environmental change and the anticipated increment of the world population. The success of hybrid rice cultivation depends on the success of the hybrid rice seed production program which enables seed producers to produce high quality seed at an economical price. Hybrid rice seed production requires specialized techniques which must be fully understood by the production staff. REFERENCES REFERENCES 1.Esa NM, Ling TB, Peng LS. By-products of Rice Processing: An Overview of Health Benefits and Applications. J Rice Res. 2013;1:107. 2.Chauhan BS, Singh K, Ladha JK, Kumar V, Saharawat YS, et al.. Weedy Rice: An Emerging Threat for Direct- seeded Rice Production Systems in India. J Rice Res. 2013;1:106. 3.Chauhan BS, Mahajan G. Strategies for Boosting Rice Yield in the Face of Climate Change in India. J Rice Res. 2013;1:105. 4.Gao D, Sun L. In vitro Screening and Molecular Characterization of a Bacterial Blight Resistance Gene in Rice. J Rice Res. 2013;1:104. 5.Umnajkitikorn K, Faiyue B, Saengnil K. Enhancing Antioxidant Properties of Germinated Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Kum Doi Saket with Salinity. J Rice Res. 2013;1:103. 6.Chang-Kug K, Hyeon-So J, Hak-Bum K, Doh-Won Y, Gang-Seob L, et al.. Identification of Salt-responsive Biosynthesis Genes in Rice via Microarray Analysis. J Rice Res. 2013;1:102. 7.Oyedele OA, Adeoti O. Investigation into the Optimum Moisture Content and Parboiling Time for Milling Igbemo Rice. J Rice Res. 2013;1:101. 8.Zibaee A. Rice: Importance and Future. J Rice Res. 2013;1:e102. 9.Singha K. Paddy Processing Mills in India: An Analysis. J Rice Res. 2013;1:115. 10.Barus WA, Rauf A, Damanik SJB, Rosmayati. Screening and Adaptation in Some Varieties of Rice under Salinity Stress (Case Study at Paluh Merbau, Deli Serdang District, North Sumatera, Indonesia). J Rice Res. 2013;1:112. 11.Mandal M, Das DK. Zinc in Rice-Wheat Irrigated Ecosystem. J Rice Res. 2013;1: 111 12.Mamunur Rahman M, Rashid MM, Islam MA. Transplanting by Uprooting Tillers from Dibbled Field: An Idea for Crop Intensification and Sustainable Rice Cultivation. J Rice Res. 2013;1:109. 13.Kato-Noguchi H, Ota K. Biological Activities of Rice Allelochemicals Momilactone A and B. J Rice Res. 2013;1:108. 14.Matsumoto S, Tsuboi T, Asea G, Maruyama A, Kikuchi M, et al.. Water Response of Upland Rice Varieties Adopted in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Water Application Experiment. J Rice Res. 2014;2:121. 15.Yamori W, Zhang G, Takagaki M, Maruo T. Feasibility Study of Rice Growth in Plant Factories. J Rice Res. 2014;2:119. 16.Paikhomba N, Kumar A, Chaurasia AK, Rai PK. Assessment of Genetic Parameters for Yield and Yield Components in Hybrid Rice and Parents. J Rice Res. 2014;2: 117. 17.Breviario D, Genga A. Stress Response in Rice. J Rice Res. 2014;2:e104. 18.Washio K. The Prediction of Climate Change and Rice Production in Japan. J Rice Res. 2014;2:e103. 19.Akter A, Jamil Hassan M, Umma Kulsum M, Islam MR, Hossain K, et al.. AMMI Biplot Analysis for Stability of Grain Yield in Hybrid Rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Rice Res. 2014;2:126. 3 RRJAAS | Volume 4 | Issue 1| April, 2015

4. e e- -ISSN: ISSN: 2347-226X p p- -ISSN: ISSN: 2319-9857 20.Wani SH, Sah SK. Biotechnology and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Rice. J Rice Res. 2014;2:e105 21.Ismaila U, Kolo MGM, Odofin JA, Gana AS. Influence of water depth and seedling rate on the performance of late season lowland rice (Oryza sativa L) in a Southern Guinea Savanna ecology of Nigeria. J Rice Res. 2014;2: 122. 22.Sah SK, Kaur A, Sandhu JS. High Frequency Embryogenic Callus Induction and Whole Plant Regeneration in Japonica Rice Cv. Kitaake. J Rice Res. 2014;2:125. 23.Mamiya T, Morikawa K, Kise M. Pregerminated Brown Rice Enhanced NMDA Receptor/CaMKIIa Signaling in the Frontal Cortex of Mice. J Rice Res. 2014;2:123. 24.Sah SK, Kaur A, Kaur G, Cheema GS. Genetic Transformation of Rice: Problems, Progress and Prospects. J Rice Res. 2014;3:132. 25.Takano S, Matsuda S, Hirayama Y, Sato T, Takamure I, et al.. Genome-Wide Comparative Transcriptional Analysis of Developing Seeds among Seven Oryza sativa L. Subsp. Japonica Cultivars Grown near the Northern Limit of Rice Cultivation. J Rice Res. 2014;3: 130. 26.Gbanguba AU, Kolo MGM, Odofin AJ, Gana AS. Performance of Rice Grown after Cassava/Legume Intercrops at Badeggi in the Southern Guinea Savanna Ecological Zone of Nigeria. J Rice Res. 2014;3:129. 27.Ikehashi H. Domestication and Long-Distance Dissemination of Rice: A Revised Version. J Rice Res. 2014;3:128. 28.Bevitori R,Ghini R. Rice Blast Disease in Climate Change Times. J Rice Res. 2014;3:e111. 29.Sharma HK. Bora Rice: A Promising Pharmaceutical. J Rice Res. 2015;3:e110. 30.Sperotto. Cold Tolerance in Rice Plants: Why, How and When?. J Rice Res. 2015;3:e108. 31.Debashis Chatterjee. Antiquity of Rice and Research Issues. 2015;2:e107. 32.Maji AT, Bashir M, Odoba A, Gbanguba AU, Audu SD. Genotype × Environment Interaction and Stability Estimate for Grain Yield of Upland Rice Genotypes in Nigeria. J Rice Res. 2015;3:136. 33.Handayani AP, Karim R, Muhammad K. Optimization of Processing Conditions for Aqueous Pigmented Rice Extracts as Bases for Antioxidant Drinks. J Rice Res. 2015;3:135. 34.Nikkhah A. Rice for Ruminants: Race for a Science under Shadow. J Rice Res. 2015;3:134. 35.Hardoim PR. Heading to the Origins – Rice Microbiome as Functional Extension of the Host. J Rice Res. 2015;3:133. 36.Niranjan Chakraborty.Rice Proteomics and Beyond. J Rice Res. 2015;3:e113. 37.Korkmaz Belliturk, Paliza Shrestha and Josef H. Görres(2015)The Importance of Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Using Vermicompost for Sustainable Agriculture. J Rice Res. 2015;3:e114. 38.Srinivas K Lanka* and Michael J Stout(2015) Insecticidal Seed Treatments in Rice Lanka and Stout, J Rice Res. 2015;3:e112. 4 RRJAAS | Volume 4 | Issue 1| April, 2015